tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59034330151756221672024-02-02T11:16:39.657+01:00L'Histoire des deux Indes"Un despote ne doit pas recevoir du crédit" — Denis DiderotUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger180125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-21187278290747186292020-06-15T20:12:00.003+02:002020-06-16T08:39:49.589+02:00CORRESPONDANCE LITTÉRAIRE, No. 6<a href="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51PvNQRi1GL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="L'héritage des lumières - Ambivalences de la modernité (French ..." border="0" src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51PvNQRi1GL.jpg" /></a>AM | <a href="http://twitter.com/#%21/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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- Antoine Lilti. <a href="https://www.seuil.com/ouvrage/l-heritage-des-lumieres-antoine-lilti/9782021427899"><i>L'héritage des Lumières. Ambivalences de la modernité</i></a>. Paris: Seuil, 2019.<br />
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Je viens de commencer la lecture du dernier livre d'Antoine Lilti, véritable « bilan de nombreuses années de travail sur les Lumières ». J'espère avoir l'occasion d'y revenir à plus d'une reprise. D'emblée, je constate avec plaisir la profusion de notes et de références bibliographiques très actualisées. Quelques pages très intenses sont directement consacrées à l'<i>Histoire des deux Indes</i>. M. Lilti fait référence à deux « lecteurs fameux » de l'<i>HDI</i>, Toussaint Louverture et Napoléon Bonaparte. (Gilles Bancarel parle, quant à lui, de « lecture intensive »). Bravo ! Mais c'est seulement Toussaint Louverture qui est analysé en tant que lecteur de Raynal.<br />
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En ce qui concerne l'impact de l'<i>HDI</i> sur le jeune Bonaparte, le surprenant livre d'Andy Martin, <a href="http://andymartinink.co.uk/books/napoleon-the-novelist/"><i>Napoleon the novelist</i></a> (London: Polity, 2001), est à mon sens une référence incontournable. M. Martin montre à quel point le jeune militaire est littéralement ensorcelé par la lecture de Raynal, qu'il rencontre à Marseille en 1789. J'ai osé aller encore plus loin: dans <i>El Best-Seller que cambió el Mundo</i> (Barcelona: 2013), je postule que l'invasion de l'Espagne, en 1808, découle en ligne (presque) droite de cette lecture (trop) passionnée de Raynal.</div>
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- Ronald S. Calinger. <a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691196404/leonhard-euler"><i>Leonhard Euler. Mathematical Genius in the Enlightenment</i></a>. Princeton University Press, 2016.<br />
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Dominique d'Hermies, mon prof de philo, avait un sage conseil pour ses jeunes étudiants : « Lisez, même si vous ne comprenez pas tout ». C'est bien ce que j'ai décidé de faire avec cette imposante biographie de Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), le grand mathématicien bâlois. Du point de vue des mathématiques, le livre se situe bien au-delà de mes compétences : l'apogée lunaire en termes d'équations différentielles, la forme des anneaux de Saturne, les points d'intersection entre des triangles non-équilatéraux, etc. Jugez vous même:<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">... his research on the sums of two squares would lead him slowly to his greatest discovery in number theory, a clear statement of the complete law of quadratic reciprocity, which is one of numbers' theory two fundamental laws. When <i>p</i> and <i>q</i> are distinct odd primes, it addresses whether the pair of quadratic congruences <i>x</i>^2 ≡ <i>q</i>(mod<i>p</i>) and <i>x</i>^2 ≡ <i>p</i>(mod<i>q</i>) are both solvable or only one of them is. The first preceding symbols indicate that <i>x</i>^2 </span>— <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>q</i> is divisble by <i>p</i>. Congruences, then, involve divisibility.</span><br />
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Et ce n'est qu'un échantillon (en tout et pour tout, Euler avait 866 livres à son avoir). La princesse Dashkova l'appelait <i>le Grand Euler</i>. Cela dit, on trouve dans la biographie de Ronald Scaliger une histoire détaillé du progrès des mathématiques au cours du XVIIIe siècle, avec toutes les grandes querelles, les jalousies et les enjeux que ces découvertes mettaient en scène. On prend connaissance de la volumineuse correspondance d'Euler avec, notamment, d'Alembert, Alexis Claude Clairaut, Lagrange, Maupertuis, Daniel Bernoulli et même les jeunes Kant et Condorcet.<br />
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En 1776, alors que la France essaie de rétablir l'équilibre du pouvoir —et du pouvoir maritime en particulier— en soutenant la cause des insurgés américains, c'est Turgot qui lui écrit:<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Turgot informed Euler that Louis XVI had agreed to fund the printing of the naval and artillery books. The support of the king —along with that of a great court minister who was respected across Europe— humbled Euler. Turgot invited Euler to remove any errors in the originals, and the improved second edition of the <a href="https://books.google.es/books?id=0qwWAAAAQAAJ&dq=th%C3%A9orie+compl%C3%A8te+de+la+construction+et+de+la+manoeuvre+des+vaisseaux&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Théorie complète de la construction et de la manoeuvre des vaisseaux</i></a> that added supplements by Lexell, appearing in 1776 ... its Parisian editors praised "the great good that Euler's many discoveries had done for the French and other enlightened nations".</span><br />
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La rencontre avec Diderot, le 4 novembre 1773, est bien décrite. (Bien des années auparavant, Guillaume-Thomas Raynal avait rendu compte de ses <i>Mémoires sur différents sujets de mathématiques</i>). Un membre de l'Académie de St. Petersbourg, voulant se jouer de Diderot, vint à lui et lui demanda de façon un peu brusque: « Monsieur, (<i>a</i> + <i>b</i>^<i>n</i>) / <i>n </i>= <i>x</i>, donc Dieu existe. Répondez ! » (*). En tout cas, malgré les réticences d'Euler sur l'athéisme affiché par l'illustre hôte de Catherine II, la séance de l'Académie —qui comptait avec la présence des nouveaux membres <i>honoris causa</i> Diderot et Grimm— eut lieu de façon bien cordiale.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(*) Dieudonné Thiébault. <a href="https://books.google.es/books?id=I5BxVR39D5cC&dq=thi%C3%A9bault+mes+souvenirs+de+vingt+ans+diderot&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Mes souvenirs de vingt ans de séjour à Berlin</i></a>, Vol. 3, 1804, p. 142. </span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-86551779450009125222020-05-29T08:55:00.001+02:002020-06-13T10:13:43.926+02:00MARIANO MORENO, LECTOR DE D'HOLBACH<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-872609601406783687" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 570px;">
Agustín Mackinlay | <a href="http://www.twitter.com/agumack" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">@agumack</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.2px;">"L'amour de la liberté est la</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.2px;">plus forte des passions de l'homme" —</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.2px;">D'Holbach </i></div>
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Hoy es 25 de Mayo, y como es (casi) habitual, publico material inédito sobre las fuentes de Mariano Moreno, obtenido a base de simples técnicas de 'humanidades digitales' (<a href="http://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com/2017/05/entre-eros-y-thanatos-mariano-moreno.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">1</a>, <a href="http://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com/2019/05/mariano-moreno-y-los-contrapesos.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">2</a>). Mi reconstrucción del 'Cuaderno de Lecturas' del Secretario de la Junta, que lleva ya cerc<span style="font-size: 13.2px;">a de 700 páginas —pero que la falta de tiempo me impide comple</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">tar—, ofrec</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">e p</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">ruebas irrefutables de su</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">fenomenal interés por los autores que Jonathan Israel agrupa bajo el título genérico de "Iluminismo radical" [1]. Se trata de Denis Diderot, Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, Paul Thiry</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">d'Holbach, Claude-Adrien Helvétius [</span><a href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00504068/document" style="color: #777777; font-size: 13.2px; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">], Gabriel Bonnot de Maby, Volney, Condorcet, Alexandre Deleyre, Jacques-André Naigeon y otros. Con ayuda de</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><a href="https://books.google.com/?hl=en" style="color: #777777; font-size: 13.2px; text-decoration-line: none;">Google Books</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">, de</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><a href="http://gallica.fr/" style="color: #777777; font-size: 13.2px; text-decoration-line: none;">Gallica.fr</a><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> y de mis propios libros, he logrado rastrear en este inédito 'Cuaderno de Lecturas' las fuentes utilizadas por Moreno en diversas Órdenes de la Junta y en sus artículos para la</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 13.2px;">Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">. Hoy es el turno de Paul Thiry, más conocido como barón d'Holbach (1723-1789).</span><br />
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<a href="https://ffrf.org/media/k2/items/cache/3e581d25b42137f993dec4e13eb5c33b_XL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Baron d'Holbach - Freedom From Religion Foundation" border="0" height="320" src="https://ffrf.org/media/k2/items/cache/3e581d25b42137f993dec4e13eb5c33b_XL.jpg" style="font-size: 13.2px;" width="231" /></a><br />
Esta entrada contiene: (a) varias hipótesis sobre el hermetismo de Mariano Moreno con respecto a sus fuentes (han sido necesarios algo más de doscientos años para descubrirlas); (b) las pruebas de su intensa lectura de d'Holbach, con vínculos a sus obras; (c) comentarios y vínculos adicionales.<br />
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En el 'ranking' numérico de autores preferidos (o más utilizados) por Moreno, el barón d'Holbach figura en tercera posición (con 569 palabras recopiladas hasta ahora), apenas por detrás de Mably (741 palabras). La primera posición, como saben los lectores de <b><i>Contrapesos</i></b>, corresponde al "más fecundo ingenio de nuestro siglo" [<a href="https://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com/search?q=ingenio" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>], el abate Guillaume-Thomas Raynal (3891 palabras)—de lejos el autor que más influye sobre las ideas y la actuación política de Moreno. A pesar de su importancia decisiva, estos escritores son apenas mencionados. Al margen de las preferencias personales de los historiadores —claramente sesgadas a favor de Rousseau—, hay una serie de razones para explicar este descuido. En primer lugar, el 'canon' semi-oficial de la literatura francesa del siglo XVIII se centra en Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau y Diderot. Pocos historiadores han leído a Raynal, Helvétius o d'Holbach. (Yo leí los cinco tomos de Helvétius en la edición <a href="https://books.google.es/books?id=DlRFAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Œuvres complètes d’Helvétius</i></a>, publicada en 1795 en París por Servière, la misma que leyó Moreno; la compré en un librería anticuaria de Buenos Aires) [2].<br />
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En segundo lugar, Google Books está disponible desde hace relativamente poco tiempo (algo más de una década). Ahí reside justamente uno de los más interesantes misterios que nos deja el prócer de Mayo: ¿Por qué eligió ocultar sus fuentes? Esta entrada presenta algunas hipótesis para el debate. En primer lugar, Moreno no deseaba —no podía— ser visto en 1810 como lo que había sido durante los años de su formación intelectual: un <i>afrancesado</i>. Ser afrancesado en el mundo hispano post-1789 era —hasta la entrada en escena del 'tirano de la Francia' Napoleón Bonaparte— sinónimo de lo que hoy llamaríamos 'progresista': republicano, liberal, tolerante, cosmopolita, defensor de los derechos del ciudadano y firmemente opuesto al atraso de la aún (formalmente) vigente Inquisición [3]. Pero todo cambia con la guerra. Con el invasor francés provocando ruina y miseria en la Península, dar a conocer sus fuentes (casi todas francesas) hubiera sido muy peligroso para el ambicioso político porteño [4].<br />
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Otra razón para explicar el hermetismo de Moreno es que sus autores preferidos —en particular Helvétius, Raynal y d'Holbach— habían generado grandes escándalos con sus publicaciones. <i>De l'esprit</i> (Helvétius), <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i> (Raynal) y <i>Système de la nature</i> (d'Holbach), las obras 'radicales' más leídas del siglo XVIII, fueron auténticas 'bombas'. Diderot utiliza la expresión 'bombas lanzadas en los jardines del Señor' al referirse al anti-clericalismo, ateísmo y materialismo militante de los escritos de d'Holbach. Sus textos eran tan subversivos que jamás los firmó, ni reconoció su autoría en su correspondencia con miembros de la 'República de las Letras' como David Hume, John Wilkes, <a href="https://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com/2015/02/coloquio-ferdinando-galiani.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">Ferdinando Galiani</a>, Cesare Beccaria y muchos otros. Hubiera ido directamente al suplicio. Gracias al hermetismo de sus amigos, d'Holbach pudo escribir, publicar y distribuir sus 'bombas' de manera completamente anónima. Moreno, optando por una prudencia similar, ha logrado ocultar sus fuentes durante doscientos años. Con el secreto absoluto sobre d'Holbach, el Secretario de la Junta rinde un silencioso homenaje a su <i>maître à penser</i> [5].<br />
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Pero hay más hipótesis.<br />
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Conversando sobre mis hallazgos 'morenistas' hace algunos años con <a href="https://www.ecured.cu/Joaqu%C3%ADn_E._Meabe" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">Joaquín Meabe</a> —uno de los mayores especialistas argentinos sobre el pensamiento político de los griegos clásicos— surgió una nueva pista. Moreno, según me sugiere Joaquín, utiliza la <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>para crear un <i>lenguaje republicano</i>—algo que no existía en 1810, no solo en el Río de la Plata, sino en el mundo hispánico en general. Como lector de la <i>Encyclopédie</i> de Diderot y d'Alembert (lo muestra el 'Cuaderno de Lecturas'), es muy probable que Moreno haya estudiado el largo y brillante artículo <a href="https://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/2013/07/creer-un-vocabulaire-republicain.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ENCYCLOPÉDIE</a> de Diderot, donde el lenguaje es presentado como algo vivo, en perpetuo movimiento, siempre sujeto a "inventos" y a "rápidas revoluciones". Condorcet, otro de los autores preferidos de Moreno, hablará de <i>révolutions du langage</i>. Es precisamente lo que está sucediendo en las páginas de la <i>Gazeta</i> en 1810—una auténtica revolución del lenguaje en el sentido republicano. En el caso de d'Holbach-Moreno, esta idea queda particularmente bien ilustrada con la expresión "sin tumultos" (ver abajo). He conseguido rastrear esta expresión a lo largo de siglos: desde Tito Livio hasta Moreno, pasando por Machiavelli, James Harrington, David Hume y d'Holbach, todos partidarios del gobierno balanceado [<a href="https://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/search?q=tumult" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].<br />
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(Creo que la idea va más lejos aún, hasta Polybios, pero mis conocimientos de griego clásico aún no están a la altura de esta comprobación). Mariano Moreno sentía un inmenso orgullo porque la Revolución de Mayo había logrado un traspaso del poder "sin tumultos", el signo de una<i> res publica </i>exitosa—un bien muy escaso hacia 1810. Los Estados Unidos ya lo habían conseguido—aunque la reñida elección de 1800 entre Adams y Jefferson anunciaba una futura ruptura. Francia y España no lo lograrían por décadas. En pleno siglo XXI, a la Argentina le sigue costando. Vemos aquí —una vez más— el profundo vínculo del líder de la Revolución de Mayo con la cultura política clásica. El mito del fanático jacobino proto-nacionalista —desarrollado al calor de la estafa del 'Plan de Operaciones' [<a href="https://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com/2018/06/sin-tumulto-mariano-moreno-agustin.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]— no es más que ... una estafa. Paul Thiry d'Holbach, con su amplísima formación clásica, es uno de los vehículos de transmisión de esta cultura —basada en el gobierno moderado, el equilibrio político y la libertad—, hoy ignorada por la enorme mayoría de los responsables políticos del país (y que intentamos rescatar en <b><i>Contrapesos</i></b>).<br />
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Otra posibilidad es que Moreno se negaba a citar sus fuentes por una cuestión de vanidad, algo natural en todo autor que busca originalidad. Gracias a Google Books, es fácil comprobar hasta qué punto los autores del siglo XVIII-XIX escribían sin mencionar sus fuentes. He podido rastrear, por ejemplo, la influencia de<i> De l'esprit </i>y<i> De l'homme</i>, los dos grandes libros de Helvétius, sobre la <i>Historia de las dos Indias</i>. También noté la presencia (no citada) de De Lolme (<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/2012/01/secret-celerite-de-lolme-histoire-des.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">1</a>, <a href="https://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/2013/07/de-lolme-histoire-des-deux-indes.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">2</a>, <a href="https://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/2013/07/from-hume-to-de-lolme.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">3</a>). Finalmente, como buen lector de la <i>Encyclopédie</i>, Moreno estaba probablemente al tanto de la semi-polémica Gibbon-d'Alembert sobre la erudición y no deseaba parecer pedante con un exceso de citas [<a href="https://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/2013/07/gibbon-dalembert.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]. Deseaba ser visto como lo que realmente era: una combinación —bastante frecuente en la época— de intelectual y hombre de acción, al estilo Condorcet y Jefferson. Una aclaración antes de presentar los extractos de d'Holbach. Más allá de los seudónimos que aparecen en la <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> —Un Comerciante de Montevideo [<a href="https://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com/2013/12/carta-de-un-comerciante-de-montevideo.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>], El Patriota Español, Antonio Aristogiton [<a href="https://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com/search?q=antonio" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>], Un Ciudadano (Gregorio Funes)— Moreno ofrece algunas pistas sobre sus fuentes. Se equivoca con Jovellanos, y publica una cita 'trucha' de Rousseau (he comprobado que es de Mably).<br />
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El 15 de octubre, menciona los libros regalados a la Biblioteca por los comerciantes ingleses, incluyendo la <i>Constitución de Inglaterra</i> del ginebrino (y anti-Rousseau) Jean-Louis De Lolme. Uno de los pocos autores cuyo libro es explícitamente citado, y con un largo extracto en la <i>Gazeta</i>, es Thomas Jefferson y sus <i>Notes on the State of Virginia</i> [<a href="https://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com/2012/04/buenas-noticas-para-morenistas-oigamos.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]. La importancia del vínculo Moreno-Jefferson, sin embargo, continúa ignorada—será el tema a tratar el próximo 25 de Mayo. Hay, además, al menos dos 'semi-citas'. El "más fecundo ingenio de nuestro siglo" es Raynal; las "investigaciones literarias de un sabio francés, publicadas en París el año de milochocientos cuatro" (<i>Gazeta</i>, 28 de noviembre de 1810) es una referencia a un libro de Mably, <i>Entretiens de Phocion sur les rapports de la morale avec la politique</i> (Paris: Antoine Auguste Renouard, 1804). (Las 'humanidades digitales' permiten, en muchos casos, conocer la edición y la página citada). A Moreno le gustaba lanzar, de tanto en tanto, adivinanzas a los lectores de la <i>Gazeta</i>. Uno solamente puede imaginar las conversaciones en las tertulias porteñas sobre estos enigmas.<br />
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En síntesis: <i>dime lo que lees y te diré quien eres</i>—ésta es la mejor manera de entender el pensamiento político de Mariano Moreno. En un coloquio en París, hace más de una década, un participante me dijo que Walter Benjamin aplicaba esta idea a los autores que leía. (Hasta ahora no he logrado encontrar esta referencia.)<br />
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Ahora sí, el vínculo Moreno-d'Holbach—es solo una muestra, hay mucho más material [5].<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ZELO Y VIGILANCIA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">...reposan en el <b>zelo y vigilancia</b> del nuevo Gobierno….</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…l’exemple du <b>zèle & </b>de la<b> vigilance</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Orden de la Junta”, Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres No.1, jueves 7 de junio de 1810, p. 1 (5) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>Système de la nature ou des Loix du Monde Physique & du Monde Moral par M. Mirabaud, Secrétaire Perpétuel, & l’un des Quarante de l’Académie Françoise. Nouvelle édition augmentée par l’Auteur, & à laquelle on a joint plusierus piéces des meilleurs Auteurs relatives aux mêmes objets</i>. Londres: 1774, Tomo 2, p. 459 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=2btbAAAAQAAJ&vq=souffler+les&dq=z%C3%A8le+%26+vigilance+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nota. El fragmento proviene del requisitorio de la censura contra el <i>Sistema de la naturaleza</i>, que d’Holbach publica en la edición de 1774.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">___________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">MALES IRREPARABLES</span></div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…que envuelva toda la comunidad en <b>males</b> <b>irreparables</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Le peuple, trop souvent incapable de raisonner, cause, en un clin d’œil, des <b>maux irréparables</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Orden de la Junta”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 1, jueves 7 de junio de 1810, p. 2 (6) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>La politique naturelle, ou discours sur les vrais príncipes du gouvernement</i>. II.11. Londres: 1773, Tomo 1, p. 62 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=7OrK4_97Wi8C&vq=maux+irr%C3%A9parables&dq=soumettre+sans+murmure+politique+naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]. Ver mi <a href="https://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com/2014/06/dholbach-la-politique-naturelle-1773.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">reseña</a>. D'Holbach se declara a favor de un gobierno equilibrado cuyo eje central es ofrecer seguridad a los ciudadanos; favorece el libre cambio, una prensa libre y la abolición de los privilegios eclesiásticos. Anticipando la tercera edición de la <i>Historia de las dos Indias</i>, el barón pronostica la inevitable independencia de las colonias más alejadas de la metrópoli—asunto ignorado por Rousseau. Es el programa de Mariano Moreno.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">__________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">CAOS IMPENETRABLE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…en <b>un</b> <b>caos</b> <b>impenetrable</b> á todos…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…qui faisoient de la science du gouvernement <b>un chaos impénétrable</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Orden de la Junta”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayre</i>s No. 1, jueves 7 de junio de 1810, p. 2 (6) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0003.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; Condorcet: reseña de <i>La politique naturelle</i> del barón d’Holbach, <i>Bibliothèque de l’homme public</i>, Tomo V. Paris: Buisson, 1790, p. 63 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=Jwk2AAAAMAAJ&dq=chaos+imp%C3%A9n%C3%A9trable+condorcet&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nota. Uno de los autores preferidos de Moreno (Condorcet) analiza la obra de otro de sus autores preferidos (d’Holbach), justamente utilizado en MALES IRREPARABLES.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">__________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">SIN TUMULTOS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">… el espectáculo de un pueblo que elige <b>sin tumultos</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…& pour se faire entendre <b>sans</b> <b>tumulte</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No.1, jueves 7 de junio de 1810, p. 8 (12) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0005.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y Escritos, 2, p. 111; D’Holbach, artículo <a href="https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Rd8jqiMG6y0C&pg=PA145&dq=sans+tumulte+diderot&hl=en&ei=dQRLTdrQKoT6lweDuOgH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=sans%20tumulte&f=false" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">REPRÉSENTANS</a>, <i>Encyclopédie</i>, Tomo 14, p. 145 [<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Rd8jqiMG6y0C&pg=PA145&dq=sans+tumulte+diderot&hl=en&ei=dQRLTdrQKoT6lweDuOgH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=sans%20tumulte&f=false" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]. Otras posibles fuentes : « Comme la société, surtout quand elle est nombreuse, ne pourrait que très-difficilement s'assembler, & <b>sans tumulte</b> faire connoitre ses intentions, elle est obligée de choisir des citoyens à qui elle accorde sa confiance ...», <i>Système de la nature</i>,<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=26U4SWq0R3cC&vq=sans+tumulte&dq=manie+ridicule&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;"> i.9</a>. Londres, 1781, p. 221; « ... <b>sans tumulte</b>, elle [la Société] réprimeroit alors des Chefs devenus injustes ...», <i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=7OrK4_97Wi8C&dq=soumettre+sans+murmure+politique+naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">La politique naturelle, ou discours </a><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=7OrK4_97Wi8C&dq=soumettre+sans+murmure+politique+naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">sur les vrais principes du gouvernement</a></i>, I.ii.19, Londres, 1773, p. 114.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nota. El artículo REPRÉSENTANS (sin la 't' final), redactado por d'Holbach con ayuda de Diderot, es uno de los más importantes de la <i>Encyclopédie</i>. D'Holbach, que habla de "tenir la balance, contrebalancer" y "un juste équilibre", adelanta claramente en este artículo —y en otros pasajes brillantes del <i>Système de la nature</i> leídos por Moreno— un punto fundamental del republicanismo moderno: la idea de <i>representación</i>. Al hacerlo, entra en conflicto directo con Rousseau. Ver J. Israel (p. 644): "In his <i>Contrat</i> <i>Social</i>, Rousseau laid down that the <i>volonté générale</i> 'cannot be represented' [ne peut point être représentée]". Sobre el aporte de d'Holbach a la idea de representación, <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=rD-IaITa66YC&dq=de+lolme+sans+tumulte&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a> Ulrich Rommelfanger (1987): "Der Verdienst, in bemerkenswert klaren und knappen Sätzen den Zweck des Repräsentativsystems umirssen zu haben, kommt im 18. Jahrhundert Baron d'Holbach zu". Ver también Georges Benrekassa: "<a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rde_0769-0886_1990_num_8_1_1054" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">D'Holbach et le problème de la nation représentée</a>", <i>Recherches sur Diderot et l'Encyclopédie</i>, 1990, 8, pp. 79-87.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">PUEBLO FIEL</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…es el deber del Gobierno excitar el zelo de <b>un pueblo fiel</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…les bénédictions continuelles d’<b>un peuple fidèle</b> & sincère?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 10 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0005.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>La politique naturelle, ou discours sur les vrais príncipes du gouvernement</i>, ix.24. Londres: 1773, Tomo 2, p. 274 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=9ucqAAAAMAAJ&dq=soumettre%20sans%20murmure%20politique%20naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_similarbooks" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ERRORES ADOPTADOS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…que no tenga que llorar hasta ahora un cúmulo de <b>errores adoptados</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…toutes les <b>erreurs adoptées</b> par un gran nombre de têtes…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Sobre la libertad de escribir”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 3, sábado 21 de junio de 1810, p. 30 (58) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0014.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>Systême social ou principes naturels de la morale et de la politique</i>, i.2. Londres, 1773, Tomo 1, p. 22 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=kQsUAAAAQAAJ&dq=erreurs+adopt%C3%A9es+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">VÍCTIMAS DEL FUROR</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…fueron <b>víctimas del furor</b> con el que se persigue la verdad…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ainsi la belle, la sçavante, la vertueuse Hypathie fut la <b>victime de la fureur </b>d’un Prêtre.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Sobre la libertad de escribir”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 3, sábado 21 de junio de 1810, p. 30 (58) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0014.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>Tableau des saints, ou examen de l’esprit, de la conduite, des maximes & du mérite des personnages que le Christianisme révere & propose pour modeles</i>, capítulo 5. Londres: 1770, Tomo 1, p. 154 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=wq1MAAAAcAAJ&dq=victimes+de+la+fureur+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">AL MÉRITO Y LA VIRTUD</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">...se atacará jamas impunemente <b>al mérito y la virtud</b>...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">L’amitié véritable ne peut être fondée que sur les talens, l<b>e mérite & la vertu</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Sobre la libertad de escribir”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 3, sábado 21 de junio de 1810, p. 31 (59) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0014.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>Systême social ou príncipes naturels de la morale et de la politique</i>, iii.11, Tomo 3. Londres, 1773, p. 145 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=kQsUAAAAQAAJ&dq=erreurs+adopt%C3%A9es+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nota. La expresión es muy común en d’Holbach; este libro ya fue utilizado para este artículo. Ver ERRORES ADOPTADOS.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">VENALIDAD Y BAXEZA</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…un justo castigo <b>de la venalidad </b>y<b> baxeza</b> con que pretende cobrar favor á costa de insulsos papelones.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…symboles de la faveur, de l’intrigue, <b>de la bassesse</b>, <b>de la vénalité</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Gazeta Extraordinaria de Buenos-Ayres</i>, martes 3 de julio de 1810, p. 11 (113) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0025.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y Escritos, Tomo 2, p. 119; d’Holbach. <i>Essai sur les préjugés, ou de l’influence des opinions sur les mœurs & sur le bonheur des Hommes</i>, xiv. Londres.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">SOPLANDO EL FUEGO DE LA DISCORDIA</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…<b>soplando</b> desde allí <b>el fuego de la discordia</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">C’est à la philosophie corrompue par les prêtres qu’il appartient de <b>souffler le feu de la discorde</b>, d’inviter les peuples à la rébellion, de faire couler del flots de sang.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Reflexiones sobre una proclama publicada en la Corte del Brasil”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 7, jueves 19 de julio de 1810, p. 102 (184) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0039.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 122; d’Holbach. <i>Système de la nature ou des Loix du Monde Physique & du Monde Moral par M. Mirabaud, Secrétaire Perpétuel, & l’un des Quarante de l’Académie Françoise. Nouvelle édition augmentée par l’Auteur, & à laquelle on a joint plusierus piéces des meilleurs Auteurs relatives aux mêmes objets,</i> II.12, Tomo 2. Londres: 1774, p. 386 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=2btbAAAAQAAJ&vq=souffler+les&dq=z%C3%A8le+%26+vigilance+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nota. Un pasaje durísimo contra la religión. ¡Qué elocuencia! Se comprende mejor el fenomenal éxito del <i>Système de la nature</i>. El fragmento está tomado del escandaloso capítulo 12 de la segunda parte, que lleva por título: “¿Es el ateísmo compatible con la moral?”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">TRANSPORTES EXTRAORDINARIOS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sin embargo el se dexo embargar <b>de tansportes extraordinarios</b> á la primera noticia de nuestros sucesos…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…leurs oracles étoient toujours précédés <b>de transports extraordinaires</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Reflexiones sobre una proclama publicada en la Corte del Brasil”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 7, jueves 19 de julio de 1810, p. 104 (186) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0039.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 124; D’Holbach. <i>Examen des prophéties qui servent de fondement à la religion chrétienne avec un Essai de critique sur les Prophètes & les Prophéties en général</i>. Londres, 1768, p. 221 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=rowNAAAAQAAJ&dq=transports+extraordinaires+d%27holbach&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">RESOLUCIÓN MAGNÁNIMA</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Una <b>resolucion </b>tan<b> magnánima </b>ha sido contrastada por mil peligros.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…ou le Diable irrité de sa <b>résolution magnanime </b>lui fit éprouver de rudes & fréquentes tentations…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Reflexiones sobre una proclama publicada en la Corte del Brasil”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 7, jueves 19 de julio de 1810, p. 107 (189) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0040.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 127; d’Holbach. <i>Tableau des saints, ou examen de l’esprit, de la conduite, des maximes & du mérite des personnages que le Christianisme révere & propose pour modeles</i>, capítulo 9. Londres: 1770, Tomo 2, p. 154 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=xq1MAAAAcAAJ&dq=r%C3%A9solution+magnanime+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nota. Ver VÍCITMAS DEL FUROR, donde Moreno utiliza el tomo 1 del <i>Tableau des saints</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">BUENOS GOBIERNOS, BUENAS COSTUMBRES</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Asi es que se verifica la máxima de un profundo político ; á saber ; que los <b>buenos gobiernos</b> forman <b>las buenas costumbres</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">L’EDUCATION & <b>les</b> <b>mœurs</b> ne peuvent être <b>bonnes</b>, que sous un <b>bon gouvernement</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 7, jueves 19 de julio de 1810, p. 117 (199) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0040.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>La politique naturelle, ou discours sur les vrais príncipes du gouvernement</i>, IX.23. Londres: 1773, Tomo 2, p. 270 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=9ucqAAAAMAAJ&dq=soumettre%20sans%20murmure%20politique%20naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_similarbooks" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">SOPLADO EL FUEGO DE LA DISCORDIA</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Es un cargo terrible contra el Marqués, haber <b>soplado el fuego de la discordia</b> y la guerra civil…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">C’est à la philosophie corrompue par les prêtres qu’il appartient de <b>souffler le feu de la discorde</b>, d’inviter les peuples à la rébellion, de faire couler del flots de sang.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Continuan las reflexiones sobre la Proclama del Marques de Casa Irujo”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 8, jueves 26 de julio de 1810, p. 121 (217) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0048.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 128; d’Holbach. <i>Système de la nature ou des Loix du Monde Physique & du Monde Moral par M. Mirabaud, Secrétaire Perpétuel, & l’un des Quarante de l’Académie Françoise. Nouvelle édition augmentée par l’Auteur, & à laquelle on a joint plusierus piéces des meilleurs Auteurs relatives aux mêmes objets</i>, II.12, Tomo 2. Londres: 1774, p. 386 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=2btbAAAAQAAJ&vq=souffler+les&dq=z%C3%A8le+%26+vigilance+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">INMODERADO DESEO</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">No creemos que el ánimo del Marqués se dexe conducir de un <b>inmoderado deseo de</b> conservar los molinos de la Isla de Cadiz…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">C’est alors qu’un <b>désir immodérés</b> <b>des</b> richesses s’empare de tous les Citoyens.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Continuan las reflexiones sobre la Proclama del Marques de Casa Irujo”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 8, jueves 26 de julio de 1810, p. 124 (220) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0048.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 131; d’Holbach. <i>La politique naturelle, ou discours sur les vrais príncipes du gouvernement.</i> VII.32. Londres: 1773, Tomo 1, p. 153 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=7OrK4_97Wi8C&vq=maux+irr%C3%A9parables&dq=soumettre+sans+murmure+politique+naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">EXCITAR LA ATENCIÓN</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…deben<b> excitar la atencion</b> y zelos <b>de</b> las dos naciones aliadas…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">L’annonce des calamités fût & sera toujours un moyen sûr d’<b>exciter l’attention</b> <b>du</b> vulgaire.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Continuan las reflexiones sobre la Proclama del Marques de Casa Irujo”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 8, jueves 26 de julio de 1810, p. 125 (221) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0048.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 133; d’Holbach. <i>Histoire critique de Jésus-Christ, ou, Analyse raisonnée des Évangiles</i>, capítulo 14, p. 273 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=I9c7AAAAcAAJ&vq=exciter&dq=exciter+l%27attention+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]. ¡Otra bomba de d’Holbach!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">_______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">IMPRUDENCIA DE LOS PUEBLOS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">...y la de otros Principes, que aprovecharon <b>la</b> <b>imprudencia de los pueblos</b> debiles…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">C’est par les Grands, dit Solon, que les cités périssent ; c’est par <b>l’imprudence du peuple</b> qu’elles tombent dans les fers.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“ORDEN DEL DÍA”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 11, jueves 16 de agosto de 1810, p. 174 (296) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0063.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 146; d’Holbach. <i>La morale universelle, ou les devoirs de l’homme fondé sur sa nature</i>, iv.2, Tomo 2. Amsterdam: Marc-Michel Rey, 1776, p. 50 [<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3VwOAAAAQAAJ&dq=imprudence+du+peuple+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">OFENDE IMPUNEMENTE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…y aprendan á su costa, que nadie <b>ofende impunemente</b> los derechos de la Comunidad; y que el triste placer de humillar á unos conciudadanos que nada han querido sino el bien general...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…et permette à quelques citoyens de piller, de <b>vexer impunément</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“ORDEN DEL DÍA”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 11, jueves 16 de agosto de 1810, p. 177 (299) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0063.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 149; d’Holbach. <i>Essai sur les préjugés, ou de l’influence des opinions sur les mœurs & sur le bonheur des Hommes</i>, IV. Londres: 1770, p. 136 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=AO4GAAAAcAAJ&dq=v%C3%A9nalit%C3%A9+bassesse+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">FUEGO DE LA DISCORDIA</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…y despues de apurar sus talentos para sembrar <b>el fuego de la discordia</b> y de la guerra civil...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">C’est à la philosophie corrompue par les prêtres qu’il appartient de souffler <b>le feu de la discorde</b>, d’inviter les peuples à la rébellion, de faire couler del flots de sang.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Buenos Ayres, 14 de Agosto”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 11, jueves 16 de agosto de 1810, p. 179 (301) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0063.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>Système de la nature ou des Loix du Monde Physique & du Monde Moral par M. Mirabaud, Secrétaire Perpétuel, & l’un des Quarante de l’Académie Françoise. Nouvelle édition augmentée par l’Auteur, & à laquelle on a joint plusierus piéces des meilleurs Auteurs relatives aux mêmes objets</i>, II.12, Tomo 2. Londres: 1774, p. 386 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=2btbAAAAQAAJ&vq=souffler+les&dq=z%C3%A8le+%26+vigilance+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">DISTINGUIDOS FAVORES</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…con la franqueza á la que le daban derecho los <b>distinguidos favores</b>, que siempre la habia dispensado.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…ses partisans illuminés reçoivent du ciel même des <b>faveurs distinguées</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Buenos Ayres, 14 de Agosto”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 11, jueves 16 de agosto de 1810, p. 179 (301) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0063.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>Essai sur les préjugés, ou de l’influence des opinions sur les mœurs & sur le bonheur des Hommes</i>, XI. Londres: 1770, p. 272 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=AO4GAAAAcAAJ&dq=v%C3%A9nalit%C3%A9+bassesse+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ACTIVIDAD Y ZELO</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…y la <b>actividad y zelo </b>del Vocal portector D. Manuel Belgrano preparan con rapidez su estabilidad y firmeza.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…& ne s’occupoit avec plus de <b>zele & d’activité </b>des moynes de les accélerer.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, jueves 23 de agosto de 1810, p. 189 (327) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0070.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, pp. 308-309; Jacques Naigeon: “Lettre sur la mort de M. le baron d’Holbach”, en <i>L’esprit des journaux.</i> Paris: Valade, 1789, Tomo 3, p. 223 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=aQkJAAAAQAAJ&dq=activit%C3%A9+et+z%C3%A8le+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nota. Jacques Naigeon, amigo íntimo de Diderot y d’Holbach, figura conocida por Moreno, escribe el obituario del barón. Otra muestra del tremendo interés de Moreno por d’Holbach.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">RESOLUCIÓN MAGNÁNIMA</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…y presentarlo como fruto precioso de una <b>resolucion magnanima</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…ou le Diable irrité de sa <b>résolution magnanime </b>lui fit éprouver de rudes & fréquentes tentations…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Oficio de la Junta á el capitán Elliot”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 15, jueves 13 de septiembre de 1810, p. 237 (387) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0082.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 157; d’Holbach. <i>Tableau des saints, ou examen de l’esprit, de la conduite, des maximes & du mérite des personnages que le Christianisme révere & propose pour modeles</i>, capítulo 9. Londres: 1770, Tomo 2, p. 154 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=xq1MAAAAcAAJ&dq=r%C3%A9solution+magnanime+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">CIEGO IMPULSO</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…y juraban la ruina de los pueblos, siempre que persistiesen en el empeño de sostener sus derechos, y buscar guias distintas, que el <b>ciego impulso</b> de sus corrompidos mandones.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…tout devient une <b>impulsion aveugle</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Manifiesto de la Junta” (9 de septiembre), <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 19, jueves 11 de octubre de 1810, p. 303 (491) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0100.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 183; d’Holbach. <i>La politique naturelle, ou discours sur les vrais principes du gouvernement</i>, i.14. Londres: 1773, Tomo 1, p. 25 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=7OrK4_97Wi8C&vq=maux+irr%C3%A9parables&dq=soumettre+sans+murmure+politique+naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">INIQUAS MIRAS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nada descubre tanto la perfidia é <b>iniquas miras</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…l’Etat est à tout moment sacrifié aux <b>vues iniques </b>de quelques favoris…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Manifiesto de la Junta” (9 de septiembre), <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 19, jueves 11 de octubre de 1810, p. 303 (491) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0100.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 184; d’Holbach. <i>Ethocratie, ou le gouvernement fondé sur la morale</i>, capítulo 3, Amsterdam: Marc-Michel Rey, 1776, p. 38 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=yA8UAAAAQAAJ&dq=la+main+qui+ch%C3%A2tie+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">VÍCTIMAS DEL FUROR</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…que habian sido tristes <b>victimas del furor </b>y despecho de aquellos malvados.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ainsi la belle, la sçavante, la vertueuse Hypathie fut la <b>victime de la fureur </b>d’un Prêtre.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Manifiesto de la Junta” (9 de septiembre), <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 19, jueves 11 de octubre de 1810, p. 304 (492) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0103.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 185; d’Holbach. <i>Tableau des saints, ou examen de l’esprit, de la conduite, des maximes & du mérite des personnages que le Christianisme révere & propose pour modeles</i>, II.5. Londres: 1770, Tomo 1, p. 240 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=wq1MAAAAcAAJ&dq=victimes+de+la+fureur+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">FUEGO DEVORADOR</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…llevando consigo el genio turbulento y sedicioso, y el <b>fuego devorador </b>de su enojo…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…la superstition est un <b>feu dévorant</b> qui finit communément par embraser les peuples...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Manifiesto de la Junta” (9 de septiembre), <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 19, jueves 11 de octubre de 1810, p. 305 (493) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0103.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 186; d’Holbach. <i>Essai sur les préjugés, ou de l’influence des opinions sur les mœurs & sur le bonheur des Hommes</i>, ii. Londres: 1770, p. 38 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=AO4GAAAAcAAJ&dq=v%C3%A9nalit%C3%A9+bassesse+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">___________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">SAGRADOS DERECHOS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…que comprometiese <b>los sagrados derechos del</b> estado…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Un Gouvernement qui connoît <b>les droits sacrés de </b>la liberté…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Manifiesto de la Junta” (9 de septiembre), <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 19, jueves 11 de octubre de 1810, p. 306 (494) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0103.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 187; d’Holbach. <i>La politique naturelle, ou discours sur les vrais príncipes du gouvernement</i>, vi.23, Tomo 1. Londres: 1773, p. 98 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=7OrK4_97Wi8C&vq=maux+irr%C3%A9parables&dq=soumettre+sans+murmure+politique+naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">___________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">LLENAR DIGNAMENTE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">No hay arbitrio. Es preciso <b>llenar dignamente</b> este importante deber.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…pour qu’un seul homme pût <b>remplir dignement</b> les fonctions & les devoirs immenses de la Souveraineté...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Manifiesto de la Junta” (9 de septiembre), <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 19, jueves 11 de octubre de 1810, p. 306 (494) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0103.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 187; d’Holbach. <i>Essai sur les préjugés, ou de l’influence des opinions sur les mœurs & sur le bonheur des Hommes</i>, xiv. Londres: 1770, p. 368 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=AO4GAAAAcAAJ&dq=v%C3%A9nalit%C3%A9+bassesse+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">EL DÉSPOTA QUE MANDA A ESCLAVOS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>El déspota</b> que <b>manda á esclavo</b>s forzados, y que muerden en secreto las cadenas…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…<b>le Despote</b> […] ne <b>commande</b> qu’<b>à des esclaves</b> chagrins…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Gazeta Extraordinaria de Buenos-Ayres</i>, lunes 15 de octubre de 1810, p. 5 (501) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0104.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>Essai sur les préjugés, ou de l’influence des opinions sur les mœurs & sur le bonheur des Hommes</i>, ii. Londres: 1770, p. 38 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=AO4GAAAAcAAJ&dq=v%C3%A9nalit%C3%A9+bassesse+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">VICIOS DE NUESTRAS INSTITUCIONES</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…comparad los <b>vicios de nuestras instituciones</b> con la sabiduría de aquellos reglamentos...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">…des <b>vices de nos institutions </b>politiques & religieuses…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 22, jueves 1 de noviembre de 1810, p. 343 (555) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0115.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, Tomo 2, p. 225; d’Holbach. <i>Système de la nature ou des Loix du Monde Physique & du Monde Moral</i>, ii. 2, Londres: 1774, Tomo 2, p. 31 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=2btbAAAAQAAJ&vq=souffler+les&dq=z%C3%A8le+%26+vigilance+d%27holbach&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Notas</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[1] Jonathan Israel. <i>Democratic Enlightenment. Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights, 1750-1790</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011) [<a href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/HistoryOther/IntellectualHistory/?view=usa&ci=9780199548200" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">info</a>]. Sobre las tesis excesivamente simplistas de Israel, ver mi <a href="https://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/2012/01/radical-enlightenment-political-thouhgt.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">entrada</a>, y Ann Thomson: "<a href="https://journals.openedition.org/rde/5169" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">Diderot, l'Encyclopédie et les lumières radicales</a>", <i>Recherches sur Diderot et l'Encyclopédie</i>, No. 49, 2014, pp. 59-64.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[2] La bibliografía de d'Holbach fue recopilada en 1975 por Jeroom Vercruysse [<a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1975_num_53_1_5487_t1_0192_0000_3" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>] bajo el título <i>Bibliographie descriptive des imprimés du baron d’Holbach</i>. El libro, de 350 páginas, fue actualizado y reeditado en 2016. Ver la <a href="https://academic.oup.com/fs/article-abstract/73/1/118/5193540?redirectedFrom=fulltext" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">reseña</a> de Ruggero Sciuto en <i>French Studies</i>, No. 73, 1, enero de 2019, pp. 118–119. Sobre d'Holbach, ver Philipp Blom. <a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Wicked_Company.html?id=MvSWm6j7YFEC&redir_esc=y" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>A Wicked Company. The Forgotten Radicalism of European Enlightenment</i></a> (New York: Basic Books, 2010); Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret. <i>Les Lumières au péril du bûcher: Helvétius et d'Holbach</i> (Paris: Fayard, 2009) y Michel Onfray. <i>Les Ultras des Lumières. Contre-histoire de la philosophie IV</i>. Paris: Grasset, 2007. Sobre el 'grupo d'Holbach' ver Alan Charles Kors. <a href="https://books.google.es/books?id=m_l9BgAAQBAJ&vq=galiani&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>D'Holbach's Coterie. An Enlightenment in Paris</i></a>. Princeton University Press, 1976. Otras referencias: Bruce Eames: "<a href="https://online.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.3828/AJFS.28.3.249" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">Baron d'Holbach's Library</a>", <i>Australian Journal of French Studies</i>, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1991; Andreas Blank: "<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/627350" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">D'Holbach on Self-Esteem, Justice and Cosmopolitanism</a>", <i>Eighteenth-Century Studies</i>, Vol. 49, No. 4, 2016; Michael LeBuffe: "<a href="https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/entries/holbach/" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">Paul-Henri (Thiry) d'Holbach</a>", <i>Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy</i>, 2020. Algunas entradas mías: <a href="https://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/2013/09/islande.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">1</a>, <a href="https://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/2014/10/deux-lecteurs-de-dholbach.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">2</a>, <a href="https://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/2013/09/en-etau-entre-plusieurs-contributions.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">3</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[3] El libro de referencia sobre los afrancesados es Miguel Artola. <a href="https://www.alianzaeditorial.es/libro/alianza-ensayo/los-afrancesados-miguel-artola-gallego-9788420648743/" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Los afrancesados</i></a>. Madrid: Alianza, 2008.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[4] Como se ve, queda completamente anulada a tesis según la cual la Ilustración francesa no había llegado a las colonias españolas de América. Ver, por ejemplo, Jean-Pierre Clément: "La vigilia del gobernante o el apremio a la prensa en la América preindependiente", en Elisabet Larrida & Fernando Durán López (eds.) <i>El nacimiento de la libertad de imprenta. Antecedentes, promulgación y consecuencias del Decreto del 10 de noviembre de 1810</i>. Madrid: Silex, 2012, pp. 119-149.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[5] ¿O deberíamos hablar mejor de auto-censura? Era una práctica común. Ver, por ejemplo, la confesión de Helvétius a Hume: "Votre nom honore mon livre, et je l'aurois cité plus souvent, si la sévérité du censeur me l'eût permis." El tema tiene su importancia: el lema de la <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, la famosa frase de Tácito <i>Rara temporum felicitate, ubi sentire qua velis, et quae sentiae, dicere licet</i>, viene de <i>De l'Esprit,</i> que Helvétius a su vez toma de Hume, y Hume toma de ... Spinoza [<a href="https://books.google.es/books?id=WZNlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=hume+rara+temporum+felicitate&source=bl&ots=SesNeX3BM7&sig=ACfU3U0KUNpFSH8aBZL-J9WKIWi4HVWMKQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie1qqT2MzpAhWB5-AKHbniCKcQ6AEwAXoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=hume%20rara%20temporum%20felicitate&f=false" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">ver</a>]. Ver James A. Harris. <i>Hume. An Intellectual Biography</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2015, p. 118 [<a href="https://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com/2017/12/three-books-on-david-hume-adam-smith.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">reseña</a>] y Paul Russell: "<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709828?seq=1" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">Epigram, Pantheists, and Freethought in Hume's Treatise: A Study in Esoteric Communication</a>", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Oct., 1993), pp. 659-673.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[6] Hay una serie de puntos adicionales que no puedo tratar en esta entrada: la cuestión de la religión o ateísmo de Moreno (me inclino por lo segundo; de lo contrario no se explica su admiración por d'Holbach y Condorcet); el eterno 'problema Jean-Jacques Rousseau', adversario de los 'Iluministas radicales'; la importancia del liderazgo fundacional y del mérito individual; el vínculo intelectual Moreno-David Hume, fundamental para el entender el enfoque libre-cambista de la <i>Representación de los hacendados</i> (e importante para la <i>Gazeta</i>), visible a través de Deleyre, Helvétius, Raynal y d'Holbach; más sobre la fábula del jacobinismo de Moreno (Robespierre, admirador de Rousseau, <a href="https://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com/2014/09/helvetius-ledition-de-serviere-1795.html" style="color: #777777; text-decoration-line: none;">detestaba</a> a Helvétius, Raynal, d'Holbach y Condorcet).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">______________</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-61969322488350130252017-12-28T10:12:00.000+01:002017-12-28T10:43:02.692+01:00THREE BOOKS ON DAVID HUME & ADAM SMITH <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Man was made for action" — <i>David Hume</i></span><br />
<br />
Agustín Mackinlay | <a href="http://twitter.com/#%21/agumack">@agumack</a><br />
<br />
— James A. Harris. <i>Hume</i>. <i>An Intellectual Biography</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2015 [<a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/05/26/who-was-david-hume/">review</a>] [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAtVtCfA-Po">VIDEO</a>].<br />
<br />
— Ryan Patrick Hanley (ed.). <i><a href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/10573.html">Adam Smith. His Life, Thought, and Legacy</a></i>. Princeton University Press, 2016. <br />
<br />
— Dennis C. Rasmussen. <a href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11092.html"><i>The Infidel and the Professor. David Hume, Adam Smith and the Friendship that Shaped Modern Thought</i></a>. Princeton University Press, 2017.<br />
<br />
* * * <br />
<br />
"The Scottish Enlightenment is now widely regarded as an intellectual
golden age, the rival of Periclean Athens, Augustan Rome, and
Renaissance Italy". So writes Dennis Rasmussen in the introduction of
his book on the friendship between two intellectual giants: David Hume
(1711-1776) and Adam Smit1727-1790). Horace Walpole declared that
Scoltand was "the most accomplished nation in Europe"—and that was in
1758, before the publication of Smith's books and of Hume's final
volumes of the <i>History of Great Britain</i>. The three books surveyed
here allow us to understand the enormous impact of these two great
Scottish thinkers. And although they have very different formats and a
different target audience, they complement each other well. <br />
<br />
<b>Adam Smith: His Life, Thought, and Legacy</b><br />
The most striking fact about the volume edited by Ryan Patrick Hanley is
its innovative format. Instead of a dozen or so articles on different
aspects of Smith's writings, the book contains no less than thirty-two
short contributions that span a surprisingly wide range of topics like
finance, politics, history, behavioral economics, economic development,
freedom, justice, rhetoric, enlightenment studies<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span>and
even feminist ethics and corporate governance. Each article includes
its own bibliographical essay, which I found especially useful. Rather
than a detailed review of each section, I will concentrate on some of
the aspects that I found most striking and interesting. Most of my
comments are based on my reading of the <i>Wealth of Nations</i>, as I have read only parts of TMS, RJ and LBLR.<br />
<br />
First, I am delighted to note the emphasis on <i>security </i>as a pillar of Smith's thought. Does that reflect the impact of my blog posts on the matter? (<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2014/09/adam-smith-economics-of-security.html">1</a>, <a href="http://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com.es/2013/03/el-economista-de-la-seguridad.html">2,</a> <a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2014/10/deux-lecteurs-de-dholbach.html">3</a>).
I don't rule that out, as I remember an earlier email discussion on
this very topic with Nicholas Phillipson, who pens the piece on "Smith
and the Scottish Enlightenment" (pp. 105-119). There are some very good
quotes on the importance of security throughout the book: "Security is
the first and the principal object of prudence" (TMS, p. 143). Writing
on WN, Jerry Evensky concludes: "Thus in Smith's analysis security is
the sine qua non of the dynamic of accumulation, investment, and growth"
(p. 74). In a little known work on <i>The History of Astronomy</i>
discussed by Craig Smith, Adam Smith states that only when "order and
security" have been established can scientific endeavour flourish (p.
95). <br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
Maria-Pia Paganelli, whom I had the pleasure to meet at the <i>Colloque International Économie et Politique chez Ferdinando Galiani</i> (Lyon 2015) [<a href="http://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com.es/2015/02/coloquio-ferdinando-galiani.html">see</a>],
writes on "Adam Smith and the History of Economic Thought: the Case of
Banking" (pp. 247-261). She does not deal with Smith's (difficult) pages
on the Amsterdamse Wisselbank, the 'mother' of central banks. In the
midst of the Eurozone crisis, back in 2011, I suggested that Smith's
views on the Bank of England were particularly useful, as he takes note
(in WN) of the contrast with France, a country without the equivalent of
that money-printing institution, a central bank all but in name [<a href="http://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com.es/2011/11/adam-smith-qe-por-am-agumack-hace-unos.html">see</a>].
There is no shortage of analysis on the broad topic of Adam Smith and
justice. In that regard, I particularly liked the pieces by Nicholas
Wolterstorff, Chad Flanders and Lisa Hill. But what is the foundation of
security and justice? I will never tire of quoting Smith's remarquable
passages on what we nowadays call 'judicial independence' in LBLR [<a href="http://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com.es/2010/08/fe-en-la-humanidad-por-am-fe-en-la.html">see</a>] and WN [<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2014/09/adam-smith-economics-of-security.html">see</a>].<br />
<br />
There is no mention of these passages in the book. Yet I think they provide the key to Smith's <i>système</i>
as a whole. Consider Lisa Hill's quote about the beneficial impact, in
social terms, of high wages ("Adam Smith and Political Theory", p. 334).
In Book I of WN, Smith makes it clear that high wages are a function of
the low cost of capital—which depends on the security of possessions,
which in turn depends on ... judicial independence! While it would be
unfair not to mention other articles, I must say that I particularly
liked the contributions of Michaël Biziou's on "Adam Smith and the
History of Philosophy" (pp. 423-442) and of Frederik Albritton Jonsson
on "Adam Smith and Enlightenment Studies" (pp. 443-458). And, as a
lecturer on Finance, I was pleasantly surprised to find John Bogle —the
innovator who launched the 'passive asset management' revolution— as the
author of a piece on Smith and shareolder capitalism (pp. 525-541).<br />
<br />
<b>Hume: an Intellectual Biography</b><br />
This is the most difficult, and the most rewarding, of the three books presented here. <a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/philosophy/dept/staffprofiles/?staffid=103">James A. Harris</a> is Reader in the History of Philosophy at the University of St. Andrews. His book is an <i>intellectual</i>
biography of David Hume—as such, it contains little information on
Hume's life itself, unless a particular biographical episode helps to
explain an idea. The book is an amazing <i>tour de force</i>. Skilfully
guiding the reader through the chronology of Hume's publications, Mr.
Harris manages to cover all aspects of Hume's thought: the theory of
knowledge, history, economics, politics and religion. I can say little
on the theory of knowledge. However, I will venture this: Hume may be a
very relevant author for those who seek to know more about the meaning
of Big Data, algorithms and Artificial Intelligence. What is Big Data if
not the numerical expression of 'experience and observation' as defined
by Hume? Mabye I'll come back to that point later on in the blog (I
need to do more reading!).<br />
<br />
But let me mention the parts of the book that deal with politics and
history. The key elements are to be found between pages 331 to 340 and
385 to 433. Hume updates Polybius's <i>anacyclosis </i>—the theory that
explains how mixed regimes can temporarily avoid decline— by
incorporating two modern elements: on the one hand, commerce and the
increasing importance of property rights (here <a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2013/09/blog-post.html">Harrington</a>
is a key source); on the other hand, the balance of power at the
international level. These pages are absolutely fascinating. Following
Polybius, Hume decries <i>the lack of authority </i>as the key threat to
stability, and as the leading cause of tyranny. However, an excess of
authority is bound to suppress freedom, causing as much damage. Mr.
Harris quotes Hume himself: "In all government, there is a perpetual
intestine struggle, open or secret, between AUTHORITY and LIBERTY; and
neither of them can ever absolutely prevail in the contest". <br />
<br />
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<br />
For Hume, defined by Mr. Harris as "the scientist of politics", two
apparently contradictory ideas —absolutism and 'libertarianism'— need to
be combined in order to achieve stability and prosperity. The chapters
of the <i>History </i>dealing with the revolutions of the XVIIth century
provide a brilliant illustration of this idea. In fact, I would argue
that Hume's debt to Polybius is enormous, a point that requires more
research. As Mr. Harris indicates several times, Hume went back
periodically to his Latin and Greek sources, and Polybius features
repeatedly in his essays. Hume's tremendous success as an author was due
to the fact that he avoided being pinned down either as a tory or a
whig historian. His deep knowledge of classical authors served him well
in that regard. (Time permitting, I will write a longer review of <i>Hume: An Intellectual Biography</i> in coming weeks). <br />
<br />
<b>The Infidel and the Professor</b><br />
Unlike the previous two books, <i>The Infidel and the Professor</i> is about a <i>story</i>. And that story is the friendship between David Hume (the Infidel) and Adam Smith (the Professor). <a href="http://as.tufts.edu/politicalscience/people/faculty/rasmussen">Dennis C. Rasmussen</a>,
an associate professor of political science at Tufts University, takes
us through the subtle points of disagreement between Hume and Smith: the
advantages of the commercial society (with DH more sanguine on this
point), religion, happiness and work, the drawbacks of inequality, etc.
There is more material on the importance of security, especially on
pages 162 and 163. (Again: did my own blog posts launch that
discussion?). Yet, Smith's passage on judicial independence as the
foundation of security remains unquoted. The parts on Hume's theory of
knowledge and on the ill-fated encounter between Hume and Rousseau are
very good.<br />
<br />
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<br />
Mr. Rasmussen devotes a great deal of attention to the brouhaha
surrounding Hume's death. Again, the story is very well told—and the
annex of the book is very helpful in that regard. Books like this are
especially useful because most readers are naturally attracted to
stories. And if the story is compelling enough —as is the case here— the
reader is likely to come back for more: perhaps an intellectual
biography first, and then the writings of Hume and Smith themselves. So
we've come full circle. One point that I found wanting in the books
reviewed here (especially the first and the third) is more analysis of
the relationship between DH/AS and French <i>philosophes</i> (excepting poor Jean-Jacques). Both DH and AS were
admirers of Montesquieu, and both nurtured deep friendships with the
likes of d'Alembert, Turgot, Helvétius and d'Holbach, to name but a few.
Smith himself made the journey to Geneva to meet Voltaire. Yet there is
no mention of the impact of Raynal's <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i> on WN; and Mr. Harris appears to describe Condorcet's <i>Esquisse </i>as a contemporary work (it was published in 1794). Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-37698785262930066632014-11-11T11:25:00.002+01:002014-11-12T19:21:39.411+01:00AN IMPORTANT PAPER ON ADAM SMITH<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg" height="320" width="214" /></a>AM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">"Interest is raised by defective enforcement of contracts" — <i>Adam Smith </i></span><br />
<br />
Rejoice, Adam Smith fans! In a working paper just released by NBER,
economist Douglas A. Irwin rightly emphasizes the key role played in the
<i>Wealth of Nations </i>by the security of property rights [1]. That
security, in turn, depends on the organization of the judiciary and on
the degree to which judges are independent from the executive power. For
a number of years now, I have been promoting this interpretation of
Adam Smith's thought in my blogs: <a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2014/09/adam-smith-economics-of-security.html">1</a>, <a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2012/02/credit-law-am-agumack-one-of-reasons.html">2</a>, <a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2011/12/raynal-adam-smith-el-credito-am-agumack.html">3</a>, <a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2011/12/el-credito-en-la-historia-de-las-dos.html">4</a>. This is the reason why I bought this piece from NBER as soon as news of its release hit my Twitter list.<br />
<br />
The most important contribution of the paper, at least from my perspective, is
that it brings together most of Smith's statements on the importance of
"a tolerable administration of justice". This is an invaluable service
to those who lack access to a good academic library (and such is my
condition at the present time). Thus, Mr. Irwin quotes not only from <i>WN</i>, but also from the <i>Theory of Moral Sentiment</i>s, <i>Lectures on Jurisprudence </i>and <i>Letters on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres</i>. Great stuff indeed!<br />
<br />
* * *<br />
<br />
For all my enthusiasm about Mr. Irwin's paper, I cannot help to conlcude that a major point about the link between the administration of justice and the wealth of nations has been left out of the piece. I am
referring to what I have dubbed the "institutional theory of credit
markets". As readers of <i><b>Histoire des deux Indes </b></i>know, Smith saw a
causal relationship between the quality of governance —as epitomized by a
sound judiciary— and the supply of credit. I will not say more since I
will be making a presentation on this very topic at the <i>Colloque Économie et Politique chez Ferdinando Galiani</i>, Institut des Sciences de l'Homme, Lyon (France), January 29, 2015 [2].<br />
<br />
However, this brings up my second major problem with the paper as it
stands. There is not a single reference to Smith's french sources. How
is that possible? This omission is all the more glaring since his views
on the importance of judicial independence are derived precisely from
... Montesquieu. In <i>WN</i>.i.9 Smith acknowledges Montesquieu's views
on the link between usury and the lack of personal security. A short sentence on top of that
key paragraph neatly summarizes Smith's institutional theory of credit
markets: <i> </i><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Interest is raised by defective enforcement of contract</i>s.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
As I have demostrated in my book on <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i>,
Smith is even more indebted to Raynal and Diderot, although he isn't
quite as sincere on this point [3]. Indeed, Smith's important remark
about justice and high interest rates in Bengal comes straight from the first edition
of <i>HDI</i>, which he bought in London in 1773. All in all, Mr.
Irwin's paper is an extremely useful addition to the study of the Adam
Smith's economic and political ideas. <i>Mais il faut savoir parler français!</i><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">[1] Douglas A. Irwin: "<a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w20636">Adam Smith's 'Tolerable Administration of Justice' and the Wealth of Nations</a>", Working Paper 20636, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2014.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">[2] Agustin Mackinlay: "Ferdinando Galiani and the 'Institutional Theory of Credit Markets'", <i>Colloque Économie et Politique chez Ferdinando Galiani</i>, forthcoming.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">[3] Agustin Mackinlay. <i>La Historia de las dos Indias. El 'best seller' que cambió el mundo</i>. Barcelona, 2013.</span><br />
____________
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-89231260777398958862014-10-22T22:20:00.002+02:002014-10-24T16:25:34.457+02:00DIDEROT : SÛRETÉ, SÉCURITÉ<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">« ...la sécurité de ses droits...</span><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">» — <i>Diderot</i></span><i><br />
</i><br />
<br />
AM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI178</a> <br />
<br />
Avons-nous oublié que la <i>sécurité personnell</i>e était le principal souci des philosophes dans les années 1770s? J'ai déjà fait référence à Raynal [<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2012/04/surete-securite-dans-l-histoire-des.html">voir</a>] et à Smith [<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2014/09/adam-smith-economics-of-security.html">voir</a>]. Voici quelques phrases de Diderot à ce sujet.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
* * * </div>
<br />
. « La première condition d'une société n'est pas d'être riche, mais c'est d'être en <u>sûreté</u>. » <i>Apologie de Galiani,</i> p. 135 (*).<br />
<br />
. « Quel singulier effet de la liberté et de la <u>sécurité</u> ! » <i>Mélanges pour Catherine II</i>, p. 348.<br />
<br />
. « Un bonheur constant qui tient à la liberté, à la <u>sûreté</u> des propriétés...» <i>Mélanges pour Catherine II</i>, p. 349.<br />
<br />
. «...mes amis, qui ne voyaient plus de <u>sûreté</u> à Paris pour moi. » <i>Mélanges pour Catherine II</i>, p. 349.<br />
<br />
. « Il faut remplacer ces moyens [la honte et la crainte du blâme] par la liberté et la <u>sûreté</u> des personnes et des propriétés, par le bonheur...» <i>Nakaz </i>36, p. 528.<br />
<br />
. « Heureux le moment où les souverains sentiront que le bonheur de leurs sujets et leur <u>sécurité</u>, c'est une même chose. » <i>Nakaz </i>44, p. 530.<br />
<br />
. « Pourquoi le législateur a-t-il prescrit cet enchaînement d'actes successifs (la procédure)? Pour la <u>sûreté</u> et la liberté du citoyen. » <i>Nakaz </i>46 p. 532<br />
<br />
. « ...car enfin il faut que le prêteur ait ses <u>sûretés</u>, et que l'intérêt de la somme prêtée soit d'autant plus grand que les <u>sûretés</u> sont moindres. » <i>Nakaz</i> 67, p. 541.<br />
<br />
. « Il faut d'abord que la société soit heureuse ; et elle le sera si la liberté et la propriété sont <u>assurées</u> » ... <i>Nakaz </i>73, p. 544.<br />
<br />
. « ...pour faire des avances en <u>sûreté</u>...» <i>Naka</i>z 73, p. 544.<br />
<br />
. « ...s'il a quelque propriété, jusqu'à quel point en est-il <u>assuré</u>? <i>» HDI</i>.1780, xvii.1.<br />
<br />
. ...plus de puissance, de force, de <u>sûreté</u>, de bonheur...» <i>HD</i>I.1780, xiii.1 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=u55AAAAAcAAJ&vq=plus+de+puissance&dq=une+administration+corrompue+raynal&source=gbs_navlinks_s">voir]</a>.<br />
<br />
. « ...l'objet important est de réunir la <u>sûreté</u> & les richesses. » <i>HD</i>I.1780, vi.1 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=cZ5AAAAAcAAJ&dq=de+r%C3%A9unir+la+s%C3%BBret%C3%A9+et+les+richesses+raynal&source=gbs_navlinks_s">voir</a>].<br />
<br />
. « ... le pouvoir arbitraire est incompatible avec la confiance, parce qu'il détruit toute <u>sûreté</u>. » <i>HDI.</i>1780, v.4 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=cZ5AAAAAcAAJ&dq=de+r%C3%A9unir+la+s%C3%BBret%C3%A9+et+les+richesses+raynal&source=gbs_navlinks_s">voir</a>]. <br />
<br />
. « La <u>sécurité</u> avec laquelle on est toujours assez riche ; la <u>sécurité</u> sans laquelle on ne l'est jamais assez ». <i>HDI</i>.1780, xii.14 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?hl=es&id=dxWAh4w4GyAC&q=la+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9#v=snippet&q=la%20s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9&f=false">voir</a>].<br />
<br />
. « ...vous ne laissez pas à votre esclave celle de sa personne ; ceux qui détruisent la <u>sûreté</u> ... » <i>HDI.</i>1780, xi.24 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?hl=es&id=dxWAh4w4GyAC&q=la+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9#v=snippet&q=la%20s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9&f=false">voir</a>].<br />
<br />
. « ...l'invention des arts qui fait la douceur de la vie, l'institution des loix qui en fait la <u>sécurité</u>. », JAPONOIS (Philosophie des) [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=6Ok9AAAAcAAJ&vq=s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9&dq=grandes+%C3%A2mes+diderot+1798&source=gbs_navlinks_s">voir</a>].<br />
<br />
. « Lorsqu'on fait une condition publique et avouée de la délation, où est le maître en <u>sûreté</u> contre son esclave, le grand en <u>sûreté</u> contre son souverain ? » <i>Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néro</i>n [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=3nwTAAAAQAAJ&dq=essai+sur+les+r%C3%A8gnes+de+claude+et+de+n%C3%A9ron+1798&q=s%C3%BBret%C3%A9#v=snippet&q=s%C3%BBret%C3%A9&f=false">voir]</a>.<br />
<br />
. « ...et la vie des personnes n'est plus en <u>sûreté</u>, et il n'y a plus de fortune qu'on ne puisse envahir. » <i>Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron</i> [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=3nwTAAAAQAAJ&dq=essai+sur+les+r%C3%A8gnes+de+claude+et+de+n%C3%A9ron+1798&q=s%C3%BBret%C3%A9#v=snippet&q=s%C3%BBret%C3%A9&f=false">voir]</a>.<br />
<br />
. « Faites ce que je vous dis, parce qu'il y va de votre <u>sûreté</u>,de votre liberté et de votre bonheur. <i>Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron </i>[<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=3nwTAAAAQAAJ&dq=essai+sur+les+r%C3%A8gnes+de+claude+et+de+n%C3%A9ron+1798&q=s%C3%BBret%C3%A9#v=snippet&q=s%C3%BBret%C3%A9&f=false">voir]</a>.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">(*) Les citations de l'<i>Apologie</i>, <i>Mémoires pour Catherine II </i>et <i>Observations sur le Nakaz</i> proviennent de Laurent Versini (ed.) <i>Œuvres</i>, Tome III, Politique. Paris: Robert Laffont, 199<i>5.</i> </span><br />
________________Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-48402891964493118692014-10-21T10:23:00.002+02:002014-10-22T11:44:28.678+02:00DEUX LECTEURS DE D'HOLBACH<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1113209/f2.highres" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1113209/f2.highres" height="320" width="221" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">"...sûrs de vos possessions... — <i>D'Holbach</i></span><br />
<br />
AM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a> <br />
<br />
Le temps presse et je n'ai guère que quelques minutes pour écrire ce billet. Je suis en plein débat avec des collègues argentins au sujet du ... libéralisme. La version du libéralisme qui s'est généralement imposée —notamment dans les manuels d'économie— est celle du XIXe siècle anglais. Mais il y a un problème: cette version sous-entend une <i>parfaite sécurité personnelle</i>. Ce n'est évidemment pas le cas aujourd'hui en Argentine, au Venezuela, au Cambodge, etc. Et ce n'était pas non plus le cas au XVIIIe siècle, en particulier <i>hors </i>de l'Angleterre.<br />
<br />
* * * <br />
<br />
Voilà pourquoi les économistes qui soutiennent la "théorie institutionnelle du crédit" ne sont pas anglais: Montesquieu, Galiani, Raynal-Diderot, Smith, Necker. Ils le savent très bien—point de liberté sans sécurité. Voici en deux mots l'idée de ce billet: Adam Smith et Wilhelm von Humboldt (entre autres) on tous les deux puisé leurs idées sur l'importance de la sécurité personnelle dans les pages du baron d'Holbach—en particulier dans <i>La politique naturelle, ou discours sur les vrais principes du gouvernement</i>. Londres: 1773 (<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=7OrK4_97Wi8C&vq=maux+irr%C3%A9parables&dq=soumettre+sans+murmure+politique+naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s">1</a>, <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=9ucqAAAAMAAJ&dq=soumettre%20sans%20murmure%20politique%20naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_similarbooks">2</a>). Je pense revenir à ce sujet avec plus de détails. En attendant, voici un échantillon.<br />
<br />
- Smith: "... when they are <u>secure</u> of enjoying the fruits of their <u>industry,</u> [individuals] naturally exert it to better their condition" (<i>WN</i>, iii.3). D'Holbach: "...c'est par son <u>industrie</u>, et surtout par la culture ... Mais ce n'est que dans une nation libre que se trouvent la <u>sécurité</u>, le courage, l'aisance, l'activité qui les font naître" (<i>Pol. nat.,</i> vi.23).<br />
<br />
- Humboldt. <i>Ideen zu einem Versuch, <u>die Grenzen der Wirksamkeit des Staats</u> zu bestimmen</i> (1792) [<a href="http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/ideen-zu-einem-versuch-die-grenzen-der-wirksamkeit-des-staats-zu-bestimmen-2640/2">voir]</a>; "...ob der Staat allein <u>Sicherheit</u> oder überhaupt das ganze physische und moralische Wohl der Nation beabsichten müsse". D'Holbach: "Après avoir montré <u>les limites naturelles de l'autorité des souverains</u>... Elle lui doit la <u>sûreté</u>... (<i>Pol.nat</i>., i.4; iv.1) (*).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">(*) Voir au sujet de Wilhelm von Humboldt et d'Holbach: "<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2013/05/wilhelm-humboldt-in-paris-1799-er.html">Wilhelm von Humboldt in Paris, 1799</a>", Mai 2013.</span><br />
___________ Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-3441671994054252432014-10-06T10:50:00.002+02:002014-10-07T09:27:22.277+02:00ELIE LUZAC: MIXED GOVERNMENT & HARMONY<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3328/3441070409_702f8c56ff_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3328/3441070409_702f8c56ff_z.jpg" width="253" /></a></div>
AM | <a href="http://twitter.com/#%21/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">"... conserver l'harmonie dans un état." — <i>Élie Luzac </i></span><br />
<br />
Élie Lucac (1723-1796) was a tremendously prolific writer and editor. As a young editor, he courted controversy by publishing La Mettrie's <i>L'homme machine</i> in 1748. The scandal was such that the author was forced to flee Holland. According to Ann Thomson, Luzac later claimed that he saved the Frenchman's life by escorting him safely out of the country: "Sans moi il eut monté sur l'Echafaut comme un miserable bandit" [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=HT8vV35-t2IC&pg=PA10&dq=l%27homme+machine+luzac&hl=en&sa=X&ei=m0YyVNP-DIvkaqbzgfAG&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=l%27homme%20machine%20luzac&f=false">see</a>]. But that wasn't the end of Luzac's travails. Jonathan Israel explains:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Luzac opposed La Mettrie's materialist views but believed that is was right to publish and refute them. The Walloon Church Consistory at Leiden disagreed and instigated vigorous moves against him. Luzac published his <i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=WdZeAAAAcAAJ&dq=l%27homme+plus+que+machine+luzac&source=gbs_navlinks_s">L'Homme plus que machine</a> </i>(1748), to defend himself against charges that he was propagating materialism, and also quarreled with La Mettrie over a money matter ... he found it prudent to move to Germany for two years until the affair blew over [1].</span><br />
<br />
As the century progressed, Luzac became increasingly wary of <i>philosophes </i>and their calls for broad-based political reform and even revolution. He was a staunch <i>Orangist</i>; not surprisingly, he rejected Raynal's many-folded criticism of the <i>Stadhouder</i>. In his <i>Lettres sur les dangers de changer la constitution primitive d'un gouvernement public</i> (1792), Luzac warns against the self-serving tempation, common to all revolutionaries, to denigrate the previous regime as the epitome of barbarism: "Il n'y a que peu d'années, que votre abbé Raynal parla de votre République [les Provinces Unies] à peu près comme M. MILLOT parle d'Athènes. A l'en croire, on diroit, que du tems de PHILIPPE II Roi d'Espagne, vos Ancêtres étoient à peu près sauvages" [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=uLVaAAAAcAAJ&dq=luzac+lettres+sur+les+dangers&q=raynal#v=snippet&q=raynal&f=false">see</a>]. There is continuity in history!<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
* * *</div>
<br />
In his excellent essay on Luzac, E. H. Kossmann describes the Dutchman's favorable view of the mixed constitution: "Natuurlijk heeft Luzac als goede conservatief grote waardering voor de zogenaamde gemengde staatsvorm waarin monarchie, aristocratie en democratie elk een plaatsje vinden" [2]. But what looks strikingly modern in Luzac's thought, says Mr. Kossmann, is his description of the mixed consitution as the only regime that creates ... <i>harmony</i>. A mixed constitution may be needed as a checks-and-balances mechanism that minimizes the damage created by diverging passions and interests, but it should be more than that: "Nous devons regarder comme le premier de nos devoirs de conserver l'harmonie dans un état". <br />
<br />
Perhaps Luzac feared the increasing popularity, especially among young people, of rousseauist thought and its wildly seductive views about <i>bonté naturelle de l'homme</i>—which seemingly destroyed the case for political checks and balances. (Jovellanos would face the same problem in Spain in 1808-1811, and John Adams was about to go through a similar ordeal in the United States). This is why he yearned for an optimistic explanation of mixed government. Appropiately enough, E. H. Kossmann closes his essay by praising Élie Luzac's "verlichte conservatisme" and his "optimistische visie op de wereld".<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">[1] Jonathan Israel. <i>The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806</i>. Oxford University Press, 195, p. 1063.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">[2] E. H. Kossmann: "Verlicht conservatisme: over Elie Luzac", in <i>Geschiedenis is als een olifant</i>. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2005, pp. 191-205.</span><br />
___________Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-30048490496700948832014-09-30T11:19:00.003+02:002014-10-01T11:56:15.553+02:00ADAM SMITH & THE PRIMACY OF PERSONAL SECURITY<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/artsandhumanities/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/old-bailey.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/artsandhumanities/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/old-bailey.jpg" height="169" width="320" /></a></div>
AM | <a href="http://twitter.com/#%21/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">"... percect security to the inhabitants ..." — <i>Adam Smith</i> </span><br />
<br />
Most people think of Adam Smith as "the archetypal free-marketeer". As <i>The Economist</i> recently pointed out, this is one of the most persistent clichés in the history of economic thought. In fact, Smith is more concerned about the need for<i> personal security </i>than about the preeminence of free markets per se. In his world, the key to prosperity is "to make every individual feel himself perfectly <u>secure</u> in the possession of every right that belongs to him" (<i>WN</i>, v.1). This is why the words <i>secure </i>and <i>security </i>pop up so many times in the <i>Wealth of Nations</i>—a trait that was shared with <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i> [<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2012/04/surete-securite-dans-l-histoire-des.html">see</a>].<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
* * * </div>
<br />
In the "Digression on the corn trade" (<i>WN</i>, iv.5), Smith praises "That <u>security</u> which the laws in Great Britain give to every man that he shall enjoy the fruits of his own labour [...] and this <u>security</u> was perfected by the [1688] revolution [...] with freedom and <u>security</u> [...] In Britain industry is perfectly <u>secure</u>". Other countries only compound their problems when their bad economic policies are not "counter-balanced by the general liberty and <u>security</u> of the people [...] Industry is there neither free nor <u>secure</u>". <br />
<br />
In his comparison of land property regimes across Europe, Smith again praises "the <u>security</u> of the farmer" and "the <u>security</u> of the tenant", which is second to none in England (Scotland is not mentioned). In other parts of Europe, "the term of their <u>security</u>" is limited and "the farmer is less <u>secure</u>" (<i>WN</i>, iii.2). His conclusion leaves no doubt about the primacy of security concerns over the advantages of free markets: "Those laws and customs so favourable to the yeomanry, have perhaps contributed more to the present grandeur of England, than all their boasted regulations of commerce taken together". Thus industry and security go hand in hand: "... when they are <u>secure</u> of enjoying the fruits of their industry, [individuals] naturally exert it to better their condition" (<i>WN</i>, iii.3).<br />
<br />
According to Smith, the better condition of North American colonists, compared to those of French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, is the natural result of "the <u>perfect security</u>" that the English government gave to "the inhabitants of so very distant a province" (<i>WN</i>, iv.7). But what are the factors that determine that <i>perfect security</i>? Smith deals with this issue towards the end of <i>Wealth of Nations</i>. His answer is disarmingly simple: judicial independence is the key to good government and security. Here's what I deem the most important passage of the entire book: <br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">When the judicial is united to the executive power, it is scarce possible that justice should not frequently be sacrified to, what is vulgarly called, politics. The persons entrusted with the great interests of the state may, even without any corrupt views, sometimes imagine it necessary to sacrifice to those interests the rights of a private man. But upon the impartial administration of justice depends the liberty of every individual, the sense which he has of his own <u>security</u>. In order to make every individual feel himself perfectly <u>secure</u> in the possession of every right which belongs to him, it is not only necessary that the judicial should be separated from the executive power, but that it should be rendered as much as possible independent from that power (v.1).</span><br />
<br />
Unsurprisingly, an independent judiciary leads to an increasing supply of credit. In Britain, government bonds are highly valued: "The <u>security</u> which [the government] grants to to the original creditor, is made transferable to any other creditor, and from the universal confidence in the justice of the state, generally sells in the market for more than was originally paid for" (<i>WN</i>, v.3) [1]. Thus, "more regular returns might be expected" in countries with sound judiciaries (<i>WN</i>, i.9). Smith is anticipating a now widely accepted view in finance: secure cash-flows command lower discount rates.<br />
<br />
Brilliant stuff indeed.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">[1] This idea comes straight from the first edition of <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i>, a book that Smith bought in London in 1773: "Les
citoyens accoutumés à regarder la nation comme un corps permanent &
indépendant, l'acceptent [le papier-monnaie] d'autant plus volontiers
pour caution, qu'ils ont rarement une connoissance exacte de ses
facultés, & qu'ils ont de sa justice une idée favorable,
fondée ordinairement sur l'expérience. Avec ce préjugé, le crédit y est
souvent porté au-delà des ressources & des sûretés.
L'Angleterre en est la preuve, Il n'en est pas ainsi dans les monarchies
absolues, dans celles surtout qui ont souvent violé leurs engagements" (<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=W5MzweH1IAUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=related:LCCN48035408&lr=&hl=fr&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Angleterre&f=false"><i>HDI</i> 1773</a>, iv, p. 76) [<a href="http://www.histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2011/12/raynal-adam-smith-el-credito-am-agumack.html">see</a>].</span><br />
_____________Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-72475050530923492702014-09-21T11:08:00.001+02:002014-09-24T09:03:59.386+02:00L'ÉQUIPONDÉRATEUR<a href="http://www.babelio.com/couv/C_La-Revolution-des-pouvoirs_5649.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.babelio.com/couv/C_La-Revolution-des-pouvoirs_5649.jpeg" height="320" width="187" /></a>AM | <a href="http://twitter.com/#%21/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">"Le grand moment de l'idée" —<i> Marcel Gauchet </i></span><br />
<br />
I am an avowed fan of political checks and balances and the related notions of mixed government, balanced government and the separation of powers. In 1787, just as the political temperature was rising to dangerous levels in North America, the Netherlands and France, John Adams famously described the English constitution as... <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">...the most stupendious fabric of human invention. And that the Americans ought to be applauded instead of censured, for imitating it as far as they have done. Not the formation of languages, not the whole art of navigation and ship-building does more honour to the human understanding than this system of government [1].</span><br />
<br />
In <i>La Révolution des pouvoirs</i>, Marcel Gauchet devotes an entire chapter to the stunning comeback of the idea of political <i>équilibre </i>after Thermidor [2]. But students of the period are handicapped by the lack of digitized material. For example, <a href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a> does not have a digitized version of the book published in the spring of 1795 by Pierre-Bernard Lamare (or La Mare) under the imposing title <i>L'Équipondérateur, ou une seule manière d'organiser un gouvernement libre</i> (Paris: An III). I can't find it in <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/">Gallica</a> either. Until we get that version, many of us will have to rely on Mr. Gauchet's extremely useful remarks and quotes.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
* * *</div>
<br />
There is some debate about the role of Lamare as the translator of Adams's <i>Defence</i>, published by Buisson in 1792 in two volumes as <i>Défense des constitutions américaines ou De la nécessité d'une balance dans les pouvoirs d'un gouvernement libre</i> (<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=4aNxlbjJLUMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s">1</a>, <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=B4zbO3J8g3EC&dq=d%C3%A9fense+des+constitutions+am%C3%A9ricaines&source=gbs_navlinks_s">2</a>). According to <i>Dictionnaire historique, critique et bibliographique</i> (1810), <i>L'Équipondérateur</i> "fut envoyé dans tous les départements par ordre du gouvernement" [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=iNUL7HAZm4wC&pg=PA464&dq=f%C3%A9d%C3%A9raliste+lamare&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DSkhVKmdOsLuOdHJgZAI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=f%C3%A9d%C3%A9raliste%20lamare&f=false">see</a>]. The book contains a sharp critique of the French constitutions of 1791 and 1793:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Aucun de ces plans ne représente une sage combinaison des principaux pouvoirs de gouvernement ; je n'y vois aucune de ces balances, limitations ou oppositions connues et admirées dans d'autres constitutions et dont l'effet est de préserver une nation de toutes dispositions arbitraires de la part de ceux qui la gouvernent, de toute violation de ses droits tant individuels que politiques et de lui assurer, quoi qu'il puisse arriver, qu'il ne sera fait pour elle que des lois justes et que ces lois seront exécutées impartialement. En un mot, aucune de ces constitutions n'est équilibrée, et voilà pourquoi je les blâme toutes.</span><br />
<br />
In his discussion of the relevance or irrelevance of mixed government in the age of revolutions, Mr. Gauchet quotes Gordon Wood's critique of John Adams. That critique was effectively answered by C. Bradley Thompson in his book <i>John Adams & the Spirit of Liberty</i> (University Press of Kansas, 1998). But here's the point I want to make about <i>L'Équipondérateur</i>. Lamare understood the importance of a single executive (<i>l'unité du magistrat</i>); but because public opinion was so strongly opposed to this idea, he settled for an executive made up of two consuls, "titre éclatant, imposant et républicain."<br />
<br />
Even writers who were courageous enough to defend the notion of political balance, like Pierre-Bernard Lamare, bumped against the wall of a strong and unified executive power. That would prove to be the fatal weakness of the Constitution of 1795. Two conclusions come to mind. On the one hand, we need to know more about Lamare and his fellow supporters of <i>équilibre</i>, a group that has been excluded from the canons of historical scholarship. On the other hand, we would do well to reconsider the meaning of Raynal's intervention at Assemblée Nationale in May 1791; far from representing a despicable surrender of the principles defended by <i>philosophes </i>(the consensus view), it was a noble and courageous affirmation of ... good government.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">[1] John Adams. <i>A Defence of the Constitutions of the United States</i>, Vol. 1, letter xx: "<a href="http://www.constitution.org/jadams/ja1_20.htm">England</a>".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">[2] Marcel Gauchet. <i>La Révolution des pouvoirs. La souveraineté, le peuple et la représentation 1789-1799</i>. Paris: Gallimard, 1995.</span><br />
______________Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-14339746790079794192014-09-15T10:53:00.001+02:002014-09-19T10:39:48.250+02:00HELVÉTIUS: L'ÉDITION DE SERVIÈRE, 1795<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Helv%C3%A9tius.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Helv%C3%A9tius.png" height="294" width="320" /></a></div>
AM | <a href="http://twitter.com/#%21/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">"Il eut de bonne heure le goût de la lecture" —<i> Saint-Lambert</i></span><br />
<br />
J'ai déjà eu l'occasion de montrer l'influence de Claude-Adrien Helvétius sur la composition de l'<i>Histoire des deux Indes</i> (<a href="http://www.histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2011/12/presence-dhelvetius-am-agumack-je.html">1</a>, <a href="http://www.histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2011/12/presence-dhelvetius-ii-tout-se-tient.html">2</a>, <a href="http://www.histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2012/01/filibusteros-presencia-de-helvetius-iii.html">3</a>, <a href="http://www.histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2012/02/christophe-colomb-presence-dhelvetius.html">4</a>) et sur les écrits de Mariano Moreno au Río de la Plata. Je suis persuadé que Moreno lit l'édition publiée chez Servière à Paris en 1795, édition "Corrigée & augmentée sur les Manuscrits de l'Auteur, avec sa Vie & son Portrait". À chaque recherche sur la <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, <a href="http://books.google.com/">GoogleBooks</a> me renvoie à cette édition-là. (J'en possède moi-même un exemplaire, acheté, soit-dit en passant, à Buenos Aires).<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">* * *</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">La date est importante: depuis la fin de l'année 1792 jusqu'à la mort de Robespierre, Helvétius est considéré <i>persona non grata</i> à Paris. Le 5 décembre 1792, au <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=6wPSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=robespierre+buste+d%27helv%C3%A9tius&source=bl&ots=0uN9bfF5nq&sig=so2ZhFbt07EkxVcnTAnuPDWuCoA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hZ4WVMGdG9LeaOumgIgN&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=robespierre%20buste%20d%27helv%C3%A9tius&f=false">Club des Jacobins</a>, "les bustes de Mirabeau et d'Helvétius [sont] jetés bas de leurs socles et brisés". Le premier volume contient les 114 pages d'un "Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages d'Helvétius" rédigé par Saint-Lambert, même si celui-ci n'est pas nommé. Saint-Lambert, d'ailleurs, ne fait mention que des trois principaux écrits d'Helvétius: <i>De l'esprit</i>, <i>De l'homme</i> et le <i>Poème du Bonheur</i>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">À remarquer l'intense co</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ncurrence entre les éditeurs: Didot publie, en même temps, les <i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=km4NAAAAYAAJ&dq=oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+d%27helv%C3%A9tius&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Œuvres complètes d'Helvétius</a></i> en 6 tomes, avec le même "Essai" de Saint-Lambert en guise d'introduction générale. Décidemment, on peut respirer plus librement en 1795! Voici les cinq volumes de l'édition de Servière:</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><h4>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Œuvres complettes d’Helvétius</i>, Tome 1. Paris: Servière, 1795 </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">[</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=DlRFAAAAYAAJ&dq=assurer+le+bonheur+%26+la+tranquillit%C3%A9+helv%C3%A9tius&source=gbs_navlinks_s">voir</a>]. Contient un "Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages d'Helvétius" et les Discours I et II de <i>De l'esprit</i>. </span></span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></h4>
</li>
<li><h4>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Œuvres complettes d’Helvétius</i>, Tome 2. Paris: Servière, 1795 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=rElFAAAAYAAJ&vq=seuls+liens&source=gbs_navlinks_s">voir</a>]. Contient les Discours III et IV de <i>De l'esprit</i>.</span></span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></h4>
</li>
<li><h4>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Œuvres complettes d’Helvétius</i>, Tome 3. Paris: Servière, 1795 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=IkpFAAAAYAAJ&dq=couvrant+d%27opprobe+%26+d%27ignominie+helv%C3%A9tius&source=gbs_navlinks_s">voir</a>].</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Contient les Sections I à V de <i>De l'homme</i>.</span></span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></h4>
</li>
<li><h4>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Œuvres complettes d’Helvétius</i>, Tome 4. Paris: Servière, 1795 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=YFNFAAAAYAAJ&dq=respecte+ses+vertus+helv%C3%A9tius&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s">voir</a>]. Contient les Sections VI à X de <i>De l'homme</i>, ainsi que la "Récapitulation" et la "Conclusion générale" de l'ouvrage.</span></span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></h4>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Œuvres complettes d’Helvétius</i>, Tome 5. Paris: Servière, 1795 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=tVNFAAAAYAAJ&dq=arrach%C3%A9e+par+la+violence+helv%C3%A9tius&source=gbs_navlinks_s">voir</a>]. Contient "Le Bonheur, poëme allégorique", ainsi que des lettres à Voltaire et Montesquieu. Autres textes: "Examen de critiques du livre intitulé <i>De l'esprit</i>", "Les progrès de la raison dans la recherche du vrai".</span></li>
</ul>
<h4>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">____________ </span></h4>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-59356409047319857182014-09-13T10:39:00.003+02:002014-09-25T09:35:13.113+02:00TOM PAINE @ RÍO DE LA PLATA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.worldwidehippies.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/thomas_paine-common_sense.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.worldwidehippies.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/thomas_paine-common_sense.jpeg" height="216" width="320" /></a></div>
AM | <a href="http://twitter.com/#%21/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">"...both more and less radical..." —<i> Eric Nelson</i></span><br />
<br />
I vividly remember a conversation, in a Parisian café in the autumn of 2009, about the reception of Tom Paine's <i>Common Sense</i> in Río de la Plata <i>circa </i>1810. "I am convinced", I told Gabriel Entín, now at Colegio de México, "that Mariano Moreno introduced Paine to <i>porteño </i>readers". But now I can prove it! Moreno translated word by word a large chunk of the French version of <i>Common Sense </i>published by Guillaume-Thomas Raynal in <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i>, xviii.44 (1780). Before I present that translation of a translation, I would like to mention a recent study about Paine, according to which the English-American political activist introduced "a seventeenth-century Hebraizing tradition of republican political theory, one grounded in the conviction that it is idolatrous to assign any human being the title and dignity of a king" (*).<br />
<br />
This is interesting, because Moreno was himself a doctor in canon law, a fact that sheds some light into his translation of "Apostrophe aux Hottentots" (<i>HDI </i>1780, ii.18), a text that relies heavily on Diderot's reading of 1 Samuel 8 [<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2012/12/1-samuel-8.html">see</a>]. In my reconstruction of Moreno's <i>Cuaderno de Lecturas</i>, I have found proof that the leader of the Río de la Plata revolution also knew Condorcet's « Réponse de Th. Paine à quatre questions, sur les pouvoirs législatif et exécutif, traduit sur le manuscrit » (<i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=Kjo2AAAAMAAJ&dq=funeste+division+condorcet&source=gbs_navlinks_s">La Chronique du mois ou les Cahiers patriotiques</a></i>, July 1792, pp. 15-16) and Paine's <i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=YK1BAAAAcAAJ&dq=ports+commodes+paine&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Remarques sur les erreurs de l’histoire philosophique de Mr Guillaume Thomas Raynal, par</a></i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=YK1BAAAAcAAJ&dq=ports+commodes+paine&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s"> <i>rapport aux affaires de l’Amérique septentrionale, &c</i></a>. <br />
<br />
* * *<br />
<br />
Finally, let us remember that David Curtis DeForest, the Connecticut merchant who was expelled from Buenos Aires just before de May 1810 revolution, warmly praised Moreno's <i>Representación de los hacendados</i> (1809) as "the <i>Common Sense</i>" of Río de la Plata.<br />
<br />
Here's the translation and the text from <i>HDI</i>:<br />
<br />
- Mariano Moreno: “Carta escrita de Potosí á el Presidente de la Junta” (Aristogiton),
<i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 14, 6 September 1810, p. 220
(358) (<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0076.pdf">see</a>).<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Pocas naciones han tomado la oportunidad favorable de formar un gobierno. Si esta se escapa no vuelve jamas, y el castigo es durante muchos siglos, la anarquia, ó la esclavitud. Amparaos del caso único que se os presenta. Está en vuestro poder el hacer la mas bella constitucion que haya en el mundo. Vais á decidir en este momento, no de la suerte de una ciudad, ó de una Provincia, sino de un continente inmenso. Lo presente resolverá el problema de lo futuro, y transcursando muchos centenares de años el sol que alumbra el universo alumbrará vuestra gloria, ó vuestro oprobio. ¿O esperareris que en medio de estas convulsiones seamos la presa de un conquistador, y que la esperanza de la mayor parte del globo se destruya? Imaginaos por un momento que todas las generaciones venideras tienen en este momento puestos los ojos, y que os piden su salud. En este crítico período vais á fixar su destino. Si las engañais, algun dia ellas se pasearán con sus cadenas sobre vuestros sepulcros, y os cargarán de imprecaciones.</span></blockquote>
<br />
- Guillaume-Thomas Raynal. <i>Histoire philosophique et politique des</i>
<i>Établissemens et du Commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes</i>, xviii.44. Genève: Pellet, 1780, p. 265 (<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QMkUAAAAYAAJ&dq=le+sang+des+oppresseurs&source=gbs_navlinks_s">see</a>).<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Peu de nations ont saisi le moment favorable pour se faire un gouvernement : une fois échappé, ce moment ne revient plus; & l’on en est puni pendant des siècles par l’anarchie ou l’esclavage. Emparons-nous d’un moment unique pour nous. Il est en notre pouvoir de former la plus belle constitution qu’il y ait jamais eue parmi les hommes. Nous allons, dans ce moment, décider du sort d’une race d’hommes plus nombreuse peut-être que tous les peuples de l’Europe ensemble. [Le présent va décider d’un long avenir; & plusieurs centaines d’années après que nous ne serons plus, le soleil, en éclairant cet hémisphère, éclairera ou notre honte ou notre gloire.] Attendrons-nous que nous soyons la proie d’un conquérant, & que l’espérance de l’univers soit détruite? Imaginons-nous que toutes les générations du monde à venir ont dans ce moment les yeux fixés sur nous, & nous demandent la liberté. Nous allons fixer leur destin. Si nous les trahissons, un jour elles se promeneront avec leurs fers sur nos tombeaux & les chargeront peut-être d’imprécations.</span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">(*) Eric Nelson: "<a href="http://oieahc.wm.edu/wmq/Oct13/abstracts.html#Nelson">Hebraism and the Republican Turn of 1776: A Contemporary Account of the Debate over <i>Common Sense</i></a>", <i>William & Mary Quarterly</i>, 3d ser., 70, no. 4 October 2013.</span><br />
________________<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-19130541907452266402014-09-11T13:09:00.003+02:002014-09-22T07:14:49.758+02:00BARCELONA — SEPTEMBER 11, 1714<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Deplorable_history_of_the_Catalans.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Deplorable_history_of_the_Catalans.jpg" height="320" width="201" /></a>AM | <a href="http://twitter.com/#%21/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">"...a dark page in our records" — <i>Winston S. Churchill</i></span><br />
<br />
Three hundred years ago today, the city of Barcelona surrendered to the Spanish forces under the command of the Duke of Berwick. Following the Treaty of Utrecht and its clause forbidding the union of the crowns of France and Spain (1713), Catalonia had lost any strategic relevance in the eyes of the Anglo-Dutch. Peace negotiations between France and England had started, albeit secretely, in 1711. Queen Anne was keen to insist that any agreement should preserve to the Catalans "the full Enjoyment of their just and ancient Liberties". But King Philip V of Spain sternly opposed any concessions on that front. Finally, Secretary of State Bolingbroke, eager for peace at any cost, surrendered to the pretensions of the Bourbons:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Bolingbroke accepted the formula suggested to him by the plenipotentiary Marquess of Monteleón, which is contained in Article XIII of the Peace and Friendship Treaty between Spain and Great Britain (27 March 1713). The text states, cynically, that the Catalans were granted “all the privileges which the inhabitants of both Castiles [...] have and enjoy,” which was tantamount to saying that it suppressed the freedom of Catalonia. The Count of La Corzana, representing the emperor Charles VI, denounced the abandonment of the Catalans in exchange for the “Opium from Peru and Potosí that has currently put the English ministry to sleep”.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">It was of little use that the Catalan ambassador Pau Ignaci de Dalmases, accompanied by the Earl of Peterboroug, was received by Queen Anne on June 1713, and sought her support, reminding her that the Catalans had become involved in the war at the request of the British and that “because this country is so free and loves freedom it should protect another country that in view of its prerogatives could be called free [because] the laws, privileges and freedoms are in all things similar and almost equal to those enjoyed in England” [1].</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
* * *</div>
<br />
In his monumental biography of the Duke of Marlborough, Winston S. Churchill praises "Bolingbroke's statecraft" and his determination to put an end to the war. A few paragraphs later, however, he describes the apalling scenes that followed the capitulation of Barcelona, and the enduring shame that fell upon the British:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">...the Catalans, who had been called into the field by the Allies, and particularly by England, and who had adhered with admirable tenacity to Charles III, were delivered over under polite diplomatic phrases to the vengeance of the victorious party in Spain [...] The fate of the Catalans, abandoned, slaughtered, and oppressed, made a dark page in our records, and even to-day plays its part in the internal affairs of Spain [2].</span><br />
<br />
Among the many pamphlets published in England during these troubled years, Catalans are particularly fond of a 98 page-long anonymous text published in 1714 under the title <a href="http://guerradesuccessio.cat/documents/conflicte/deplorable_history.pdf"><i>The Deplorable HISTORY of the Catalans, from their first engaging in the WAR, to the Time of their REDUCTION. With the Motives, Declarations, and Engagements, on which they first took Arms</i></a>. This is the account of September 11, 1714:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">The Storm was undertaken the 11th of <i>September</i>, <i>N. S</i>., and was very Bloody and Obstinate. The Besieged disputed every Inch of Ground [...] The Negotiation was terminated the 12th in the Evening upon the following Conditions: That they should be assured of their Lives; that the City should not be plundered; that they should be left to the Discretion of the King of <i>Spain</i>, which they consented to with great Reluctance [...] How well they have kept the Faith of this Treaty, many of these miserable People have dearly experienced already; they were immediately stript and disarmed, forced to redeem themselves from Plunder by large Sums, the Laws of <i>Castile </i>publickly declared, and many of the Chielf of them distributed into several Goals (sic).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">[1] Joaquin Albareda: "<a href="http://www.diplocat.cat/files/docs/131008-E08EN-CataloniaNationStateUntil1714.pdf">Catalonia background information</a>", Public Diplomacy Council of Catalonia, October 2013.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">[2] Winston S. Churchill. <i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=KkzeA1Y9jqIC&dq=churchill+marlborough&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Marlborough. His Life and Times</a>, Book two</i> [1936]. University of Chicago Press, 2002, pp. 992-996.</span><br />
_<i>___________________</i> Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-90120348339739702592014-09-09T10:46:00.001+02:002014-09-09T15:49:33.229+02:00CORRESPONDANCE LITTÉRAIRE, No. 5<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<a href="https://www.tcd.ie/trinitylongroomhub/assets/img/events/2014-04-22BURKE-Edmund-by-James-Barry%20low%20res_large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://www.tcd.ie/trinitylongroomhub/assets/img/events/2014-04-22BURKE-Edmund-by-James-Barry%20low%20res_large.jpg" width="137" /></a>AM | <a href="http://twitter.com/#%21/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
<br />
- David Bromwich. <i>The Intellectual Life of Edmund Burke. From the Sublime and Beautiful to American Independence</i>. Harvard University Press, 2014.<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> [<a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674729704">HUP</a>]</span><br />
<br />
This is the first volume of a new biography of Edmund Burke (<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2012/07/edmund-burke-histoire-des-deux-indes.html">1</a>, <a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2013/06/burke.html">2</a>). I saw it a<a href="http://www.alibri.es/"> Alibri</a> (<a href="https://twitter.com/LibreriaALIBRI">@LibreriaAlibri</a>) in Barcelona. It looks interesting, not least because the author appears to focus more on the progressive than on the conservative side of Burke's thought. (Which reminds me of Rudolf Boon's sympathetic portrait <i>Een progressieve conservatief. Edmund Burke als tijgenoot</i>. Aspect, 2004). Says Bromwich: "I like to think of Burke as a conservationist of morals, rather than a conservative". From the editors:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">This intellectual biography examines the first three decades of Burke’s professional life. His protest against the cruelties of English society and his criticism of all unchecked power laid the groundwork for his later attacks on abuses of government in India, Ireland, and France. Bromwich allows us to see the youthful skeptic, wary of a social contract based on “nature”; the theorist of love and fear in relation to “the sublime and beautiful”; the advocate of civil liberty, even in the face of civil disorder; the architect of economic reform; and the agitator for peace with America.</span><br />
_______________<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://payload200.cargocollective.com/1/2/77560/6303582/Damrosch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://payload200.cargocollective.com/1/2/77560/6303582/Damrosch.jpg" height="200" width="128" /></a></div>
<br />
- Leo Damrosch. <i>Jonathan Swift. His Life and His World</i>. Yale University Press, 2013 <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">[<a href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300164992">YUP</a>]. Laura Collins-Hughes: "<a href="http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2014/01/18/book-review-jonathan-swift-his-life-and-his-world-leo-damrosch/oZgZAyGxl5awoteByNrwnO/story.html">Jonathan Swift by Leo Damrosh</a>", <i>Boston Globe</i>, January 18, 2014. [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfQ992lh7Cg">VIDEO</a>].</span><br />
<br />
In 1724, in the fourth letter of "M. B. Drapier" against plans to introduce a new currency managed from London, Jonathan Swift, Anglican dean of St. Patricks' Cathedral in Dublin, writes: "For, in reason, all government without the consent of the governed, is the very definition of slavery [...] The king is limited by law" (*). <a href="http://leodamrosch.com/">Leo Damrosch</a>, Ernest Bernbaum Research Professor of Literature at Harvard University, is out with a new biography of Swift. From the editors: <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">In this deeply researched biography, Leo Damrosch draws on discoveries made over the past thirty years to tell the story of Swift’s life anew. Probing holes in the existing evidence, he takes seriously some daring speculations about Swift’s parentage, love life, and various personal relationships and shows how Swift’s public version of his life—the one accepted until recently—was deliberately misleading.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">(*) <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=zeQeAAAAMAAJ&dq=m.+b.+drapier+swift&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Works of Jonathan Swift</i></a>, with Notes by Walter Scott, Vol. VII. Edimburgh, 1814.</span><br />
_______________ <br />
<br />
- Vincent Azoulay. <i>Les Tyrannicides d'Athènes. Vie et mort de deux statues</i>. Seuil, 2014 [<a href="http://www.seuil.com/livre-9782021121643.htm">ver</a>].<br />
<br />
Es la historia de Harmodius y Aristogiton (Ἁρμόδιος/ Ἀριστογείτων), asesinos del tirano ateniense Hipparchus. Es una historia interesante, con política, celos y sexo (eran homosexuales). Pude comprobar, este año, que el "Antonio Aristhogiton" de la <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> de agosto de 1810 es en realidad Mariano Moreno [<a href="http://frenosycontrapesos.blogspot.com.es/2014/03/antonio-aristhogiton-i.html">ver</a>]. Según Azoulay, fue a partir del siglo XVIII, con la <i>Histoire Universelle</i> de Charles Rollin y con los <i>Viajes del joven Anarcharsis</i> de Jean-Jacques Barthélémy, que la historia de Harmodius y Aristogiton renace en Occidente. Justamente, se trata de autores leídos de cerca por Moreno.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.seuil.com/images/couv/b/9782021121643.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.seuil.com/images/couv/b/9782021121643.jpg" height="200" width="126" /></a></div>
_______________Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-48618196146906249492014-09-02T01:03:00.000+02:002014-09-05T18:34:41.455+02:00ON FRENCH INTEREST RATES: 1770 & 1771<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Terray,_Abb%C3%A9_Joseph_Marie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Terray,_Abb%C3%A9_Joseph_Marie.jpg" height="320" width="239" /></a></div>
AM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">"Un despote ne doit pas obtenir du crédit" — <i>Diderot</i></span><br />
<br />
In an influential paper, François Velde and David Weir painstakingly calculated the internal rate of return on several French government (or quasi-government) bonds between 1746 and 1793 (*). They took securities prices mostly from <i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=RCgDAAAAYAAJ&dq=gazette+de+france&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Gazette de France</a></i>. As a benchmark for a "safe asset" that would serve as a proxy for French sovereign risk, they chose the yield on <i>billet d'emprunt d'octobre</i>, also known as <i>billet d'emprunt </i>or <i>Emprunt d'octobre</i>.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
* * * </div>
<br />
Here are the results, with annual yields expressed as the are average monthly estimates of the internal rate of return:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">1746 - 6.54%; 1747 - 6.10%; 1748 - 5.89%; 1749 - 5.42%; 1750 - 4.82%; 1751 - 4.79%; 1752 - 4.59%; 1753 - 4.57%; 1754 - 4.18%; 1755 - 4.70%; 1756 - 5.04%; 1757 - 5.10%; 1758 - 5.19%; 1759 - 5.42%; 1760 - 6.78%; 1761 - 6.87; 1762 - 6.93%; 1763 - 5.95%; 1764 - 5.67%; 1765 - 5.93%; 1766 - 6.30%; 1767 - 6.75%; 1767 - 6.36%; 1768 - 7.11%; 1769 - 7.11%; <u><b>1770 - 9.52%; 1771 - 10.12%; 1772 - 9.08%</b></u>; 1773 - 7.59%; 1774 - 6.75%; 1775 - 5.69%; 1776 - 5.68%; 1777 - 5.86%; 1778 - 6.15%; 1779 - 6.15%; 1780 - 5.94%; 1781 - 5.97%; 1782 - 5.90%; 1783 - 5.82%; 1784 - 5.82%; 1785 - 5.54%; 1786 - 5.50%; 1787 - 5.70%; 1788 - 6.02%; 1789 - 6.47%; 1790 - 6.34%; 1791 - 5.14%; 1792 - 5.44%; 1793 - 5.77%.</span><br />
<br />
There is a sizeable downshift in yields between 1763 and 1765, no doubt reflecting the end of the Seven Years' War. But then look at the years 1770-1772, which Ferdinando Galiani saw as "un moment critique pour la France." The increase in yields shows the market reaction to the stern measures taken by <i>Contrôleur des Finances</i> Joseph-Marie Terray, including the forceful conversion of <i>tontines </i>into life annuities and the unilateral reduction of cash-flows on several types of securities. As Velde and Weir note, rates of return<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i> </i></span>never went back to the 5% levels of the early 1750s—although they declined as soon as Terray and Maupeou were out of office. They rightly conclude: "Terray's partial defaults in 1770 launched rates upward". Brilliant stuff indeed! <br />
<br />
But I also think that <i>chancellier </i>René-Charles de Maupeou deserves part of the blame—much more on that ... in early 2015!<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">(*) François R. Velde and David R. Weir: "<a href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/shoppingBasket?jid=JEH&volumeId=52&issueId=01&toBasket=4145708-20&type=rental&prevShop=displayIssue">The Financial Market and Government Debt Policy in France, 1746–1793</a>", <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>, Vol. 52, No. 1, March 1992, pp. 227-255.</span><br />
_________________Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-53203193294834293242014-01-12T23:01:00.000+01:002014-01-13T09:39:11.992+01:00HUME TO MONTESQUIEU (I): INTEREST RATES<div>
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Painting_of_David_Hume.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Painting_of_David_Hume.jpg" width="260" /></a>AM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"...interest is the barometer of the state..." — <i>David Hume</i></span><br />
<br />
David Hume's <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=f-YghlmN108C&dq=milord+lonsdale&source=gbs_navlinks_s">letter</a> No. 65 to "Président de Montesquieu" (10 April 1749) is a particularly interesting document. It is written in French. It seems unlikely, at least to me, that Hume wrote in such perfect French — the letter must have been revised by a secretary. I'll briefly deal with some of the topics covered by the two men in that correspondance: interest rates, trade, Polybius, the notion of mixed government, judicial independence and others.<br />
<br />
Let us deal first with interest rates:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Page 116, chapitre XVII. L'énumeration que vous faites des inconvénients des dettes publiques est fort juste. Mais n'ont-elles aucun avantage? Les marchands qui ont des capitaux dans les fonds publics ne gardent que peu d'argent dans leurs coffres pour les besoins de leur commerce; ils peuvent disposer quand il leur plaît de ces capitaux pour répondre à quelque demande que ce soit. Par conséquent, ces capitaux servent à deux fins: premièrement, à leur produire un revenu fixe : secondement, à faire aller leur commerce ; par conséquent le marchand peut soutenir le commerce avec des moindres profits sur les marchandises, ce qui est avantageux pour le commerce. En parlant de ceci à un homme qui a beaucoup de connoissances, Milord Lonsdale, il me fit remarquer un autre avantage, qui cependant me paroît plus douteux : les capitaux, dit-il, que l'on a dans les fonds publics sont dans une circulation continuelle et forment une espèce d'argent; l'abondance de l'argent diminue l'intérêt et favorise le commerce.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
* * *</div>
<br />
From a purely theoretical point of view, Hume is squarely on the side of a "real" (as opposed to a "monetary") explanation of interest rates. Yet he is aware of the fact that money also plays a role, although he confides his doubts about the precise nature of that role. This is Hume at his best: when it comes to solving complex problems, both reason and experience are to be called upon ("experience", in this case, refers to the practical knowledge provided by Lord Lonsdale). Here's F. Faure-Soulet on how Hume solved this riddle in his 1752 essays ("<a href="http://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Hume/hmMPL27.html">Of interest</a>" and "<a href="http://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Hume/hmMPL32.html">Of public credit</a>"):<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Hume reconnaît une action à court terme de la quantité de monnaie sur le taux d'intérêt ; et c'est par l'intermédiaire d'un afflux de monnaie dû à une grande activité industrielle que le taux d'intérêt diminue. Un commerce étendu, en produisant de grands capitaux, diminue à la fois l'intérêt et le bénéfice, écrit Hume qui évite de confondre les deux termes. L'auteur montre simplement que l'abondance des profits entre les mains des gros industriels permet des prêts plus nombreux. (*)</span><br />
<br />
Mr. Faure-Soulet, who reckons that "Ni les économistes des « Lumières », ni même Hume n'adoptent une conception purement réelle de l'intérêt", does not mention Hume's letter to Montesquieu. Yet it provides some valuabe insights into how his brilliant mind worked.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) F. Faure-Soulet. <i>Économie politique et progrès au « Siècle des Lumières »</i>. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1964.</span><br />
_____________</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-66714252376396143192014-01-08T15:53:00.003+01:002014-01-13T10:03:49.566+01:00FREIN & CONTRE-POIDSAM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"...pour en estre plus ferme & durable" — <i>De la Roche Flavin</i></span><br />
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While re-reading my (not entirely satisfactory) post on<i> contre-poids</i>, I stumbled upon this fine <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=-pBoOESbYaYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s">book</a> on Montesquieu. Pages 25-26 contain a very interesting quote from Bernard de la Roche Flavin, <i>président</i> of the Toulouse <i>Parlement </i>in the 1610s<i> </i>(*). So I went to <a href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a> to see if there was a digitized edition. And the answer is: yes! Ladies and gentlemen: <a href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a> is a revolutionary tool for historians! De la Roche Flavin's definition of mixed government in the context of the French monarchy (1621) proves that the notion of checks and balances is not necessarily a '100% anglo-saxon idea':<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mais le Royaume & Monarchie de France est reglee & policee, & est composee & mixtionnee de trois sortes de Gouvernemens ensemble; </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Sçauoir de la Monarchie, Aristocratie & Republique afin que l'vn servist de<u> frain & </u></span><u style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">contrepoids</u><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> à l'autre [...] Laquelle authorité du Senat est appelee par Plato, vn </span><u style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">contrepoids</u><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> a la puissance Royale, salutaire au corps vniuersel de la chose publique.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) Bernard de la Roche Flavin. <i>Treize luires des Parlemens de France, esqvuels est amplement traicté de levr origine et institution</i>. Genève: Matthieu Berjon, 1621 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=wxB2fvXFQl8C&dq=treize+livres+des+parlemens+de+france&source=gbs_navlinks_s">see</a>].</span><br />
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<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=otNIAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE73hjqd2Nwgh-ZmPiJX3bKoOwcdtm-MB3MDqCNo9u1VM8RxX9at_xU6cDd0JC87ICnsDGon6g8Mbkg-x8rK3p08W17Vu6pY6TLZp4X58M9HKuysvMmI" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://books.google.com/books?id=otNIAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE73hjqd2Nwgh-ZmPiJX3bKoOwcdtm-MB3MDqCNo9u1VM8RxX9at_xU6cDd0JC87ICnsDGon6g8Mbkg-x8rK3p08W17Vu6pY6TLZp4X58M9HKuysvMmI" /></a></div>
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___________Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-63105302118540924782014-01-08T11:45:00.003+01:002014-01-08T19:46:47.266+01:00CONTRE-POIDS, CONTREPOIDSAM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780"></a><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/J.N._D%C3%A9meunier_(1751-1814).jpg/200px-J.N._D%C3%A9meunier_(1751-1814).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/J.N._D%C3%A9meunier_(1751-1814).jpg/200px-J.N._D%C3%A9meunier_(1751-1814).jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"Checks and Ballances are our only Salvation" — <i>John Adams</i></span><br />
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One of the key legacies of the Enlightenment is, without a doubt, the notion of political <i>checks and balances</i>. David Wootton has written a remarkable piece on the origins and evolution of that incredibly influential idea (*). Time permitting, I will devote more posts to authors who wrote about "checks and controuls", "contre-forces", "contrepoids" and similar expressions. Diderot's article <a href="http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Encyclop%C3%A9die/1re_%C3%A9dition/CONTRE-POIDS">CONTRE-POIDS</a> in Volume 4 of <i>Encyclopédie </i>only deals with the mechanical acception of the term, completely omitting any reference to politics.<br />
<br />
Here's the general definition: "CONTRE-POIDS, s. m. se dit en général de toute force qui sert à diminuer l’effort d’une force contraire. Le contre-poids a lieu dans une infinité de machines différentes ; tantôt il est égal au moment qui lui est opposé, tantôt il est plus grand ou plus petit." Thus we have short entries on Contre-poids <i>(les) du métier des Rubanniers</i>, Contre-poids <i>(le), chez l’Epinglier</i>, Contre-poids <i>(le) des métiers des étoffes de soie</i>; Contre-poids <i>(le) des Balanciers est Contre-poids</i>; Contre-poids <i>(le) des danseurs de corde</i>; Contre-poids <i>(le) des machines d’opéra</i>, and Contre-poids,<i> (Manege.)</i><br />
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When did French authors (apart from Montesquieu) start to systematically apply that notion to the realm of internal politics? There is no easy answer to that question. I suspect that Maupeou's reforms in 1770-1771, which so deeply affected Diderot, played an important role in that regard. But Mably had already sparred in 1768 with Mercier de la Rivière about the importance of "contre-forces" in a fascinating duel, to which I shall come back. Raynal took note of the debates and incorporated the expression in the 1780 edition of <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i>. On the other side of the pond, James Madison would soon pay a lot of attention to these writers [<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2013/07/mably-am-hdi1780.html">see</a>].<br />
<br />
In the meantime, the <i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=QcZmlhOPffYC&pg=PA422&dq=diderot+contre-poids&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gBvNUoTlCenR0QXDkICgAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=diderot%20contre-poids&f=false">Correspondance littéraire</a></i> made an effort to sort out more precisely the meaning of "contre-poids" (1775):<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dans un état purement despotique, l'autorité souveraine n'a point d'autre <u>contre-poids</u> que la force. Dans un état républicain, elle le trouve dans les lois mêmes dont elle tient sa puissance. Dans une monarchie comme la France, ce <u>contre-poids</u> n'existe réellement que dans l'opinion et dans la confiance particulière que peuvent mériter les tribunaux qui en ont été quelque fois les interprètes.</span><br />
<br />
This reference to "les tribunaux" seems to place a heavy burden on the judiciary as the key <i>contre-poids</i>, a point that Diderot made in his fantastic letter to Princess Dashkoff [<a href="http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Correspondance_(Diderot)/56">see</a>]. Be that as it may, it is interesting to note that in the first volume of <i>Économie politique et diplomatique</i>, edited by Démeunier for the <i>Encyclopédie Méthodique</i> (1784), the notion of <i>contrepoids </i>is explicitely applied to politics (pp. 649-651). The article, penned by Guillaume Grivel, is thouroughly disappointing. Only the general definition has withstood the test of time:<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CONTREPOIDS. Dans le langage de la philosophie moderne, qui a voulu raisonner le gouvernement, on a appelé <i>contrepoids politiques</i> les diverses barrières que les circonstances & la nécessité posèrent en un certain temps & en certains lieux contre le pouvoir arbitraire [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=TFBHAAAAYAAJ&vq=contrepoids&dq=demeunier+%C3%A9conomie+politique&source=gbs_navlinks_s">see</a>].</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) David Wootton: "<a href="http://www.constitution.org/lg/check_bal.htm#N_1_">Liberty, Metaphor, and Mechanism: “Checks and Balances” and the Origins of Modern Constitutionalism</a>", in David Womersely (ed.) <i>Liberty and American Experience in the Eighteenth Century</i>. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2006. See also Gary Wills. <i>Explaining America: The Federalist</i>. London: The Athlone Press, 1981, especially Part III.</span><br />
___________________Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-39401529482255065232014-01-06T11:14:00.001+01:002014-09-02T11:24:51.556+02:00HUMBOLDT & JEFFERSON'S NOTESAM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.monografias.com/trabajos90/vida-y-obra-alexander-von-humboldt/image002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.monografias.com/trabajos90/vida-y-obra-alexander-von-humboldt/image002.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"Before being free, it is necessary to be just" — <i>Alexander von Humboldt</i></span><br />
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The Humboldt-Jefferson relationship can be studied from many different angles: the value of Humboldt's information about Mexico (including his much sought-after maps), the interpretation of the revolutions in South America, the degeneracy controversy (which involved Raynal), and so on (*). A minor, but interesting, aspect of that story is the eagerness with which Humboldt tried to obtain a copy of Jefferson's <i>Notes on the State of Virginia</i>. (That eagerness was shared by at least two contemporaries: Volney and Mariano Moreno — more on that in coming weeks.)<br />
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* * *</div>
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In September 1810, Humboldt —deeming himself short-changed by the Americans in terms of the exchange of information that took place in the spring of 1804— begged the retired U.S. president to send him a copy of the <i>Notes</i>: "Je reïtere ma priere, de recevoir, en cadeau, de Votre main, Votre <a href="http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-03-02-0064#XF4CED756-1E18-4290-BB8D-F4D2E466FAA6">ouvrage sur la Virginie</a>. Je le possède depuis 15 ans, mais je voudrois pouvoir montrer à mes amis un exemplaire dans lequel Vous aviez écrit que Vous me le donnez. C’est a quoi aspire ma vanité et je ne m’en defends pas" [<a href="http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-03-02-0064">see</a>].<br />
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But what did he really mean by "Je le possède depuis 15 ans"? In the third volume of his <i>Essai politique sur la Nouvelle-Espagne</i>, the Prussian scientist mentions Jefferson in the context of the degeneracy controversy: "Cette réfutation se trouve dans l'excellent ouvrage de <i>M. Jefferson sur la Virginie, p.109-166</i>" [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=hGtRAAAAMAAJ&dq=humboldt+essai+politique+sur+la+nouvelle+espagne&q=jefferson#v=snippet&q=jefferson&f=false">see</a>]. Mystery solved! Pages 109-166 correspond not to the original version of the <i>Notes</i>, but to André Morellet's translation, published in early 1787 and recently digitized by <a href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a> [<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2012/04/jefferson-raynal-part-iii.html">see</a>]:<br />
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OBSERVATIONS<br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">SUR<br /><br />LA VIRGINIE<br /><br />PAR M. J***<br /><br />TRADUITES DE L'ANGLOIS<br /><br />A PARIS<br /><br />Chez BARROIS, l'aîné, Libraire, rue du</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"></span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hurepoix, près le pont Saint-Michel<br />_______________<br /><br />1786</span></div>
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What Humboldt so eagerly desired was the <i>original</i>, English version of the <i>Notes</i>, autographed by its author. In the end, Jefferson relented; in yet another memorable document (TJ's April 1811<a href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/thomas-jefferson/letters-of-thomas-jefferson/jefl210.php"> letter</a> on South American revolutions), he writes: "In sending you a copy of my Notes on Virginia, I do but obey the desire you have expressed. They must appear chetif enough to the author of the great work on South America. But from the widow her mite was welcome, and you will add to this indulgence the acceptance of my sincere assurances of constant friendship and respect."<br />
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It was only in December of that year that Humboldt could aknowledge the arrival of the much coveted book:<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Monsieur,<br /><br />J’arrive hier de Vienne où mon frere est Ministre du Roi de Prusse et ou j’ai passé un mois pour voir mes parents. J’ai eté bien heureux de retrouver à mon retour l’interessante lettre que Vous avez daigné m’écrire, Monsieur, et que Vous avez accompagné d’un cadeau auquel je mets le plus grand prix. Les notes sur la Virginie seront placeés dans la <a href="http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-04-02-0270#R53182318111220400_4">bibliotheque</a> que nous avons formé mon frere et moi. c’est un titre de gloire pour moi que d’avoir joui de la bienveillance, j’ose dire de l’amitié d’un homme qui a etonne ce siecle par ses vertus et sa moderation.</span><br />
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<i>Affaire à suivre !</i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) The starting point here is the masterful piece by H. R. Friis: "Alexander von Humboldts Besuch in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Vom 20. Mai bis zum 20. Juni 1804", in Joachim H. Schultze (ed.) <i>Alexander von Humboldt. Studien zu seiner universalem Geisthaltung</i>. Berlin: Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1959, pp. 142-195.</span><br />
________________Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-33408612629949103752014-01-04T07:26:00.002+01:002014-01-04T11:15:51.662+01:00BAGATELLES, No. 2 — HUME ON HELVÉTIUSAM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780"></a><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume,_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume,_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume,_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume,_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"He is a very fine genius" — <i>David Hume</i></span><br />
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In letter No. 165 (to Adam Smith, 12 April 1759), David Hume mentions Helvétius's <i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=BWqxz7-edlsC&vq=phocion&dq=la+saine+partie+du+public+helv%C3%A9tius&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s">De l'Esprit</a></i>: "It is worth your reading, not for its philosophy, which I do not highly value, but for its agreeable composition." (*) (In the previous letter, to William Roberston, he had called Helvétius "a very fine genius"). Then, as he changes the subject of the letter —to the reception of the <i>Theory of Moral Sentiments</i>— he warns Smith: "...and Phocion, you know, always suspected himself of some blunder, when he was attended with the applause of the populace."<br />
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As it turns out, Hume wasn't loosely quoting from Plutarch, but from ... Helvétius! Here's <i>De l'esprit</i> (II.10): "Il en a tant de fois éprouvé la faiblesse [de l'esprit humain]; au milieu des applaudissemens d'un aréopage, il a tant de fois été tenté, comme Phocion, de se retourner vers son ami pour lui demander s'il n'a pas dit une grande sottise". Thus, when Hume praised the Frenchman's "agreeable composition", he was fully deserving the 'bon mot':<br />
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<i><br /></i>
<i>Il ne croyait pas si bien dire!</i> </div>
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In a footnote, the editor of the <i>Letters</i> quotes Helvétius's first missive to Hume (1 April 1759): "Votre nom honore mon livre, et je l'aurois cité plus souvent, si la sévérité du censeur me l'eût permis." (This is the line I had in mind when I wrote about <a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2013/07/gibbon-dalembert.html">Gibbon & d'Alembert</a>.) In the end, this <i>bagatelle</i> is, I think, quite revealing. It tells us something about censorship and 'auto-censorship', about the importance of <i>éloquence</i>, about how these authors read and quoted each other's works, and even about their attitude towards what we would nowadays call ... populism. <br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) J. Y. Creig. <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=f-YghlmN108C&dq=helv%C3%A9tius+%C3%A0+hume&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>The Letters of David Hume</i></a>, Vol. 1, 1727-1765 (OUP: 2011). </span><br />
__________Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-37772986396214670092014-01-03T10:31:00.004+01:002014-01-04T23:21:05.045+01:00ACHILLE-NICOLAS ISNARDAM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780"></a><a href="http://catalogue.drouot.com/images/perso/phare/LOT/75/12592/15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://catalogue.drouot.com/images/perso/phare/LOT/75/12592/15.jpg" width="188" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"Il danaro depositato vi si conserva religiosamente" — <i>Ferdinando Galiani</i></span><br />
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Dans son <i>Traité des richesses</i>, Achille-Nicolas Isnard s'en prend à Raynal, et même à Montesquieu, en leur reprochant leur position ambigüe au sujet de la primauté absolue du droit de propriété (*). Il s'agit d'une version extrême de la <i>théorie institutionnelle du crédit </i>: « Les dépenses excessives de Louis XIV, ses guerres ruineuses, la mauvaise administration et les dévastations du regne de Louis XV, la violation de la foi publique, des engagemens du souverain, & des droits de propriété, sous ces deux regnes, ont souvent ébranlé le crédit ». <br />
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Un peu plus tard, Isnard reprend une remarque de Galiani, alors même qu'il reproche à Montesquieu (encore une fois) l'idée selon laquelle <i>les banques ne conviennent point dans les pays gouvernés par un seul</i> : « ...mais les loix & le respect pour les droits de propriété peuvent avoir autant de vigueur dans une monarchie que dans une république, & le crédit peut chanceler dans une république autant que dans une monarchie » (pp. 319-320).</div>
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Voici Galiani :</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Questo mirabile innesto de' frutti della libertà col governo assoluto è la maggior gloria del nostro; e quantunque abbia pochi e rarissimi esempi, non dovea però quell'autore [Montesquieu] dall'avvenimento tragico della Banca Generale di Francia tirar conseguenze universali, e dichiarar natura del governo monarchico ciò ch'è difetto in lui. Il che s'egli avesse sempre fatto, non avrebbe composto un libro pieno di massime che sembreranno vere solo a chi è nato in Parigi, e vi è nato nel secolo decimottavo dell'umana redenzione [<a href="http://www.filosofico.net/galianidellamoneta.htm">voir</a>].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) Achille-Nicolas Isnard. <i><a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BSQVAAAAQAAJ&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Traité des Richesses</a></i>, Tome I. Lausanne : François Grasset, 1781.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-31597262743483777102014-01-02T10:59:00.000+01:002014-09-02T11:27:03.853+02:00BAGATELLES, No. 1AM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780"></a><a href="http://www.babelio.com/users/AVT_Ferdinando-Galiani_8100.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.babelio.com/users/AVT_Ferdinando-Galiani_8100.jpeg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"... Helvétius plaide contre les financiers" — <i>Ferdinando Galiani</i></span><br />
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- Luigia Parlati annonce le colloque <i><a href="http://calenda.org/270568">Economie et politique chez Ferdinando Galiani</a> </i><i>Economia e politica in Ferdinando Galiani</i> à Lyon, le 29 et 20 janvier 2015 [<a href="http://calenda.org/270568">voir</a>] (*) :<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ferdinando Galiani n’a pas bénéficié de colloque totalement consacré à ses écrits économiques et politiques. Ses écrits littéraires et sa correspondance, ont été à plusieurs reprises, examinés, largement traités et publiés. Ce colloque a en en vue de mobiliser des compétences différentes, soit économiques, soit historiques, dans la perspective d'une collaboration interdisciplinaire. Il s’agit d'un côté de tenter une reconstruction aussi complète que possible de l’analyse économique de Ferdinando Galiani, à travers ses deux ouvrages principaux :<i> <a href="http://www.filosofico.net/galianidellamoneta.htm">Della Moneta</a> </i>et <i>Dialogues sur le commerce des blés</i>. </span></div>
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J'ai écrit un billet au sujet de la « théorie institutionnelle du crédit » dans <i>Della Moneta</i> [<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2012/03/diderot-raynal-les-taux-dinteret-deux.html">voir</a>]. Ce ne sera sûrement pas le dernier. Galiani, comme le fera Smith un quart de siècle plus tard, met en avant la question du système légal et de la stabilité des possessions, plutôt que la liberté commerciale en soi : « Questa giustizia e libertà compensa da per tutto ogni bellezza di clima e di paese; e si vede che le rupi degli Svizzeri, e le paludose Polesine di Rovigo con queste arti hanno spopolata la fertile Lombardia. »</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) J'en ai pris connaissance grâce à <a href="https://twitter.com/folie_xviiieme">@FolieXVIIIeme</a>. </span><br />
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<i>- Touvailles <a href="https://twitter.com/googlebooks">@GoogleBook</a>s </i>(*)</div>
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. Jacques Barinton. <i>Traduction d'une lettre Angloise, ecrite de la Haye le 4. novembre 1718. </i>Middleburg, 1718 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=HbZZAAAAcAAJ&dq=%C3%A9troites+limites+d%27une+lettre&source=gbs_navlinks_s">voir</a>].</div>
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. Giuseppe Marco Antonio Baretti. <i>Discours sur Shakespeare et sur Monsieur de Voltaire</i>. Paris : Durand neveu, 1777 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=wWouAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">voir</a>].</div>
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. <i>Etrennes de la Vertu, pour l'Année 1785, Contenant les Actions de Bienfaisance, de Courage, d'Humanité, &c. qui se sont faites dans le courant de l'année 1784 ; auxquelles on a joint quelques Anecdotes intéressantes</i>. Paris : Savoye, 1785 [<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=aNJu2QU-1lIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">voir</a>].<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) Mes recherches sur les sources de Mariano Moreno m'ont mené à découvrir l'incroyable univers de <a href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a>.</span><br />
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<i> - Moreno & Marmontel</i><br />
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No deja de sorprenderme Mariano Moreno. En la <i>Gazeta Extraordinaria de Buenos-Ayres</i> del martes 7 de agosto de 1810, publica la carta de un tal ‘Antonio Aristhogiton’ [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0055.pdf">ver</a>]. Es fácil comprobar que se trata del propio Moreno (Aristogiton es el asesino de Hipparchus, <i>Hist. Guerra Pelop</i>. 1.20.2). En la carta, Moreno utiliza los <i>Elémens de littérature</i>, de Jean-François Marmontel, publicados en <i>Œuvres complètes de M. Marmontel</i> (Paris: Née de la Rochelle, 1787, Tomo 6, p. 369 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=xhkoAAAAYAAJ&dq=dirig%C3%A9e+au+bonheur+marmontel&source=gbs_navlinks_s">ver</a>]):<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">. <i>Moreno</i>. Porque ¿<b>qué</b> otra <b>remuneracion se puede dar </b>(decia otro) á unos hombres <b>que inmolan su vida por la patria como Decio, su honor </b>(expuesto á los tiros de la calumnia)<b> como Fabio; su resentimiento, como Camilo; sus hijos como Bruto y Manlio?</b> <br /><br /><i>. Marmontel</i>.<b> Qu’offrir à celui qui immole sa vie, comme Decius; son honneur, comme Fabius; son ressentiment, comme Camille; ses enfans, comme Brutus & Manlius?</b> </span></div>
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¡Más información pronto!</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-62343282882370604632013-12-30T11:10:00.005+01:002013-12-30T19:40:50.042+01:00CORRESPONDANCE LITTÉRAIRE No. 4AM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"... l'excellent ouvrage de M. Jefferson, sur la Virginie" — <i>Alexander von Humboldt</i></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifpBsfK9W6lvRRQFJv120w9AT2vO57eCQxx8_8wzxKxX8Md-sdfb4XqIzIsXuQStCYbAyEcmdA_liXzED8dvT0iVVxZxxB280553QWT9uOrs7G0TKBy20yhmB4rDQbAKpVyZi78CHDOAE/s1600/Terjanian.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifpBsfK9W6lvRRQFJv120w9AT2vO57eCQxx8_8wzxKxX8Md-sdfb4XqIzIsXuQStCYbAyEcmdA_liXzED8dvT0iVVxZxxB280553QWT9uOrs7G0TKBy20yhmB4rDQbAKpVyZi78CHDOAE/s200/Terjanian.JPG" width="130" /></a>[1] <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i> (*). Anoush Fraser Terjanian is out with a book on <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i> and the political economy of international trade in the eighteenth century: "One site dominates the assembly and dispersion of ideas about the European imperial experience, the future of Europe and the idea of commerce in eighteenth-century France: the <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i>. This may seem like a hyperbolic claim, yet it is difficult to overemphasize the <i>Histoire</i>'s reach and influence. Born as a result of defeat, the <i>Histoire des deux Indes </i>is now widely recognized as an, if not <i>the</i>, influential cultural product of the Seven Years War. The <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i> sold more copies than Adam Smith's influential <i>Wealth of Nations</i> eight times over". Fascinating stuff!<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) Anoush Fraser Terjanian. <i><a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NsSBqAPimgsC&dq=inauthor:%22Anoush+Fraser+Terjanian%22&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Commerce and Its Discontents in Eighteenth-Century French Political Thought</a></i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013 [<a href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/european-history-after-1450/commerce-and-its-discontents-eighteenth-century-french-political-thought">website</a>] [<a href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/05648/excerpt/9781107005648_excerpt.pdf">introduction</a>].</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.renaud-bray.com/ImagesEditeurs/PG/1451/1451500-gf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.renaud-bray.com/ImagesEditeurs/PG/1451/1451500-gf.jpg" width="136" /></a>[2] <i>Politesse </i>(*). J'ai vu ce livre à <a href="http://www.lacentral.com/">LA CENTRAL</a> lors de ma dernière visite. Des éditeurs: « Montesquieu, Voltaire, David Hume, Rousseau, Kant, Mme de Staël : tous voient dans la politesse française la fine fleur de la civilité moderne. C’est cette discussion, ou plutôt cette conversation, que <a href="http://www.gallimard.fr/Contributeurs/Philippe-Raynaud">Philippe Raynaud</a> restitue dans toute sa diversité et toute sa richesse. Il rappelle l’affinité native des manières françaises avec la monarchie absolue, que tout oppose à la simplicité des mœurs de la libre Angleterre. Il retrace la longue complicité, à la ville comme à la cour, entre la civilité et le 'règne des femmes'. Il rend sensible la relation intime, souvent oubliée aujourd’hui, des lois, des mœurs et des manières. Le temps des salons est passé et ne reviendra pas, mais les questions politiques et morales qu’il avait mises au jour demeurent toujours les nôtres. »<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) Philippe Raynaud. <i><a href="http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/L-Esprit-de-la-cite/La-politesse-des-Lumieres">La politesse des Lumières. Les lois, les mœurs, les manières</a></i>. Paris: Gallimard, 2013.</span></div>
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<a href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/images/full13/9780300167955.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://yalepress.yale.edu/images/full13/9780300167955.jpg" width="131" /></a>[3] <i>Information</i> (*). In his account of the role of information on the unfolding of the past, Jeremy Black devotes three full chapters to the eighteenth century. The balance of power, a quintessential component of Western history, was a key driver of the relentless search for information: "President of the Royal Society from 1778 to 1820, Joseph Banks (1743-1820) helped establish both the idea of the scientist as, successively, heroic explorer and statesman, and the Royal Society as a key source and means of state policy. Banks also played a role in the acquisition of the botanical and zoological collections of Linnaeus (1708-1778), who had been very influential in developing an information system capable of dealing with the vast amount of material being acquired [...] Botanical illustrations linked to Western expeditions produced highly selective visions of decontextualized specimens, allowing for their inclusion in global natural history" (pp. 180-181). </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) Jeremy Black. <i><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=bYD9AQAAQBAJ&dq=jeremy+black+the+power+of+knowledge&source=gbs_navlinks_s">The Power of Knowledge. How Information and Technology Made the Modern World</a></i>. Yale University Press, 2014 [<a href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300167955">website</a>].</span></div>
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[4] <i>España</i> (*). Otro libro visto en <a href="http://www.lacentral.com/">LA CENTRAL</a>. Está magníficamente editado, con decenas de ilustraciones. Del editor: "El siglo XVIII constituye uno de los periodos paradigmáticos para estudiar la crisis de las identidades, pues es entonces cuando se asientan las bases de la modernidad y la definición de los valores de las sociedades contemporáneas. En este proceso de cambio, el debate sobre la capacidad intelectual de las mujeres y su nuevo papel en la civilización de las costumbres se convirtió en una cuestión central que definiría toda la época, pues no solo contribuyó a revisar los modelos de vida y experiencias femeninas, sino también a repensar el papel del hombre moderno en el proyecto de las Luces. Este libro explora la construcción de esas identidades en la cultura visual de la España ilustrada, tratando de desvelar cómo se definieron las relaciones de poder entre los sexos a través de la mirada del artista."</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(*) Álvaro Molina. <i>Mujeres y hombres en la España ilustrada. Identidad, género y visualidad</i>. Madrid: Cátedra, 2013 [<a href="http://www.catedra.com/fichaGeneral/ficha.php?obrcod=3424381&web=01">ficha</a>].</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-22959558691101197932013-12-19T11:29:00.001+01:002013-12-24T22:17:00.978+01:00CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE DE MONTEVIDEO<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">AM | </span><a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none;">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">"He despreciado todos los peligros" —</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Mariano Moreno</i><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Como saben los lectores de este blog, mis descubrimientos sobre las fuentes utilizadas por Mariano Moreno me llevaron, casi sin darme cuenta, a desarrollar un método de investigación basado en la idea de "humanidades digitales". Estoy aplicando este método a todos los escritos de Moreno, lo que implica </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">—</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">entre otras cosas</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">—</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">releer palabra por palabra la </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> de 1810. Así llegué a la “CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, artículo publicado por la </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Gazeta</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> en el No. 5, el jueves 5 de julio de 1810 [</span><a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none;">ver</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">].</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">El resultado del análisis es evidente: la CARTA es obra del Secretario de la Junta. El texto no figura en los </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Escritos </i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">de Moreno publicados por Ricardo Levene. Es decir: Levene no estaba seguro. (Según el Dr.Patricio Clucellas, la CARTA es generalmente atribuida a Pedro Feliciano de Cavia). Pero ahora ya no quedan dudas</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">: encontramos en este texto los mismos autores, las mismas ediciones, las mismas expresiones que aparecen en escritos anteriores y posteriores de Moreno.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">La CARTA no ofrece grandes novedades para el estudioso de las ideas políticas del prócer, pero es un documento interesante desde otros puntos de vista. En primer lugar, el supuesto comerciante de Montevideo es un simple ... montaje de propaganda.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Moreno ha inventado </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">de toutes pièces</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> esta situación rocambolesca. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Conoce el valor de la propaganda y de las noticias falsas; ya lo hacía Benjamin Franklin desde Londres y París a favor de los americanos. (Significativamente, comprobamos que el autor utiliza el "Éloge de Franklin" escrito por Condorcet).</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> En segundo lugar, la CARTA es un documento importante para el estudioso del arma secreta de Mariano Moreno: la elocuencia. Nada de lo que escribe el Secretario de la Junta es espontáneo. La elección de </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">cada</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> palabra refleja un cuidadoso estudio de su potencial efecto retórico: ver la referencia al artículo ORATEURS ROMAINS, (</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Hist. De l’Eloq</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">.),</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Encyclopédie </i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">[</span><a href="http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Encyclop%C3%A9die/1re_%C3%A9dition/ORATEUR" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none;">ver</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">].</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Un último punto, dedicado a los estudiosos de la historia del libro en el Río de la Plata. La CARTA de la </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Gazeta</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> del 5 de julio permite identificar la edición de Diderot leída por Moreno: es la que publica su amigo Naigeon en 1798 bajo el título </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Œuvres de Denis Diderot</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">, edición de Jacques-André Naigeon. Paris: Deterville, An VIII (1798) [</span><a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=UEAHAAAAQAAJ&dq=respectable+vieillard+diderot&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none;">ver</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">]. Es la misma que leía en París, una década antes, Wilhelm von Humboldt [</span><a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2013/05/wilhelm-humboldt-in-paris-1799-er.html" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none;">ver</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">]. Decididamente, mi admiración por Moreno crece día a día.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">JUSTO TEMOR</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">…y <b>el justo temor</b> de que esta respetable Junta corte toda comunicacion con esta ciudad….</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">…c’est par <b>la juste crainte</b> qu’un citoyen n’abusât de l’amour du soldat pour devenir le tyran de sa patrie.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 61 (119) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Guillaume-Thomas Raynal. <i>Histoire philosophique et politique des Établissemens et du Commerce des Européens dans des deux Indes</i>, XIX.2. Ginebra: Pellet, 1780, p. 114 [<a href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=5p5AAAAAcAAJ&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [RAYNAL HDI] [DELEYRE].</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">___________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">LOS MALES DE UNA FUNESTA DIVISIÓN</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Veo ya sobre nosotros todos los males de una<b> funesta division</b>…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…à ne pas aggraver par de<b> funestes divisions </b>les maux et les dangers de l’Empire.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 61 (119) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Comunicación de la Asamblea Nacional, 10 de agosto de 1792, en Jean-Gabriel Peltier. <i>Dernier Tableau de Paris, ou récit historique de la Révolution du 10 Août 1792</i>, Tomo I. Londres: 1794, p. 173 [<a href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=grkHl7FYf-cC&dq=maux+funeste+division&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. El texto se ajuste perfectamente; este pasaje prueba que Moreno estudia decretos y comunicaciones de muchos gobiernos. [PELTIER]] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">____________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">DESPRECIADO TODOS LOS PELIGROS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">He <b>despreciado </b>todos<b> los peligros</b>…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…et leur apprend à<b> mépriser les dangers</b> en les familiarisant avec la peine.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 61 (119) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Gabriel B. de Mably. <i>Observations sur les Romains</i>, Libro IV, en <i>Collection complète des œuvres de l’abbé Mably</i>, Tomo 4. Paris: Desbrière, 1794-1795, p. 434 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=a8JbIHqFIrwC&dq=m%C3%A9prise+danger+mably&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [MABLY]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_____________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">PRUDENTES PRECAUCIONES</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…que al fin utilizase las mas <b>prudentes precauciones</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…ne voient dans votre conduite qu’une à <b>précaution prudente</b>...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 62 (120) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Condorcet : « Dissertation philosophique et politique », Parte II, <i>Œuvres complètes de Condorcet</i>, Tomo 10. Paris: Henrichs, 1804, p. 252 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=4LktAAAAMAAJ&dq=incr%C3%A9dulit%C3%A9+%26+fanatisme+condorcet&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] [CONDORCET]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">DESOLACIÓN Y RUINAS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…quanto que se fundaba sobre <b>la desolación y ruinas</b> de Buenos-Ayres.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…y de <b>la desolacion y ruina </b>que causará en el pueblo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 62 (120) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Antiguo Testamento: Daniel, capítulo 8, en<i>La Biblia vulgata latina traducida en español</i>, Tomo 14. Madrid: Don Benito Cano, 1797, p. 283 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=plcHAAAAQAAJ&dq=desolacion+y+ruina+biblia&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>][BIBLIA]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">INDIGNACIÓN GENERAL</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…y exâltada <b>una indignacion general </b>contra su persona…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Aussi, l’acte du timbre excita <b>une indignation générale</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 63 (121) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Condorcet: « Eloge de Franklin », <i>Œuvres complètes de Condorcet</i>, Tomo 4. Paris: Henrichs, 1804, p. 123 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=pB-Gi8wuuDYC&dq=indignation+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+condorcet&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [CONDORCET]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">FUROR POPULAR</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…habria sido víctima <b>del furor popular</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">… l’autorité d’Auguste le garantit à peine <b>de la fureur populaire</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 63 (121) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Denis Diderot. <i>Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron, et sur les mœurs et les écrits de Sénèque</i>, pour servir d’introduction à la lecture de ce philosophe, Tomo 2. Londres : 1782, p. 156 [<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UX4arn5bHt4C&hl=es&source=gbs_similarbooks" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [DIDEROT]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ETERNO OPROBIO</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…para <b>eterno oprobio</b> de este Pueblo…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Couvert ou de louange, ou d’<b>opprobe éternel</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 63 (121) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Pierre Corneille. <i>Heraclius</i>, IV.4. <i>Théâtre de P. Corneille</i>, 1776, Tomo 4, p. 458 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=zZcTAAAAQAAJ&dq=%C3%A9ternel+opprobre+corneille&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Pierre Corneille, otro gran exponente de la elocuencia, considerado como genio por Helvétius, y leído de cerca por Moreno. La expresión figura de manera más completa a propósito de Liniers: “Un eterno oprobio cubrirá las cenizas de D. Santiago Liniers, y la posteridad mas remota verterá exêcraciones contra ese hombre ingrato...” [CORNEILLE]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ME EMPEÑA A DESCRIBIR</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…<b>me empeña á describir </b>á Vd. la conducta de estos Señores…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…leur nouveauté & leur singularité<b> m’ont engagé à décrire</b> en détail… </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 63 (121) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Jean-François de La Harpe. <i>Abrégé de l’Histoire générale des Voyages</i>, Tomo 23. Paris: Laporte, 1786, p. 295 [ver]. [LA HARPE] [PRÉVOST]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Moreno conoce bien a La Harpe; figura en otros artículos de la <i>Gazeta</i>. Él mismo lo menciona explícitamente en el artículo "Religión"; ver Eduardo Dürnhöfer. <i>Mariano Moreno. Artículos que la "Gazeta" no llegó a publicar</i>. Buenos Aires: 1975, p. 81.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">AVERSIÓN Y DESPRECIO</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vd. ha sido testigo <b>de la aversion y desprecio</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…& les inconveniens qui résultent <b>de leur aversion & de leur mépris</b>… </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 63 (121) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>Système de la nature, ou des loix du monde physique et du monde moral</i>, II.22, Tomo 2. Londres: 1774, p. 372 [<a holbach="" href="http://books.google.es/books?id=2btbAAAAQAAJ&dq=z%C3%A8le+%26+vigilance+d" source="gbs_navlinks_s'" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Tenemos razones para pensar que se trata de esta edición: ver ZELO Y VIGILANCIA. [D’HOLBACH]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">________________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">CUBRE DE IGNOMINÍA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…asegurándole una preponderancia que hoy dia nos <b>cubre de ignominía</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Son nom passeroit aux siècles à venir <b>couvert d’ignominie</b>… </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 63 (121) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Guillaume-Thomas Raynal.<i> Histoire philosophique et politique des Établissemens et du Commerce des Européens dans des deux Indes</i>, XIX.12. Ginebra: Pellet, 1780, p. 427 [<a href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=5p5AAAAAcAAJ&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Ver CUBIERTO DE IGNOMINÍA. [RAYNAL HDI] [DELEYRE]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">EL TERROR Y LA DESOLACIÓN</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…y llevando precipitadamente al seno de su Imperio <b>el terror, y la desolacion</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">La retraite de l’empereur ne porte à Linz que <b>la terreur et la désolation</b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 63 (121) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0026.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Voltaire. <i>Annales de l’Empire depuis Charlemagne</i>, en <i>Œuvres complètes de Voltaire</i>, Tomo 29. Paris: Imprimerie de la Société littéraire-typographique, 1785, p. 345 [<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Ay0HAAAAQAAJ&dq=terreur+d%C3%A9solation+condorcet&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [VOLTAIRE]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ARTIFICIO RIDÍCULO</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Montevideo fue metido en un arriesgado empeño por el <b>artificio mas ridículo que </b>la audaz ignorancia pudo jamas fraguar…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Il n’y a pas d’<b>artifice plus ridicule</b> <b>que </b>celui qui la veut imiter. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 64 (122) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Jean-Jacques Rousseau. <i>La Nouvelle Heloïse ou lettres de deux amans, habitants d’une petite ville aux pieds des Alpes</i>, carta 26, en <i>Œuvres complètes de J. J. Rousseau</i>, 1788, p. 360 [<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pZYwAAAAYAAJ&dq=commander+aux+coeurs&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Ver MANDAMOS EN LOS CORAZONES. [ROUSSEAU]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">AUDAZ IGNORANCIA</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Montevideo fue metido en un arriesgado empeño por el artificio mas ridículo que la <b>audaz ignorancia</b> pudo jamas fraguar…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Quelle <b>audacieuse ignorance</b>, quelle présomptueuse brutalité…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 64 (122) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Joseph André Roubaud. <i>Histoire générale de l'Asie, de l'Afrique et de l'Amérique</i>. Paris: Desventes de la Doué, 1775, p. 236 [<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yjqu-_A_FMgC&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Es muy posible; el capítulo en cuestión aborda la supuesta “degeneración” de los pueblos de América, lanzada en 1767 por Cornelius DePauw. Moreno, al citar al anti-DePauw Jefferson en la Gazeta, toma parte (indirectamente) en la disputa. [ROUBAUD]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">SIN TALENTOS, SIN RECURSOS, SIN VIRTUDES</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…un petulante sin jurisdiccion, <b>sin talentos, sin recursos, sin virtudes</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Sans talents</b>, sans mérite et <b>sans vertu</b>… [..] sans esprit, <b>sans vertu, sans ressources</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 64 (122) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>Systême social ou príncipes naturels de la morale et de la politique</i>, Tomo 1. Londres: 1773, pp. 15 y 204 [<a holbach="" href="http://books.google.es/books?id=kQsUAAAAQAAJ&vq=ressources&dq=erreurs+adopt%C3%A9es+d" source="gbs_navlinks_s'" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] (otra <a holbach="" href="http://books.google.es/books?id=oFQUAAAAQAAJ&vq=RESSOURCES&dq=sans+talent,+sans+vertus+d" source="gbs_navlinks_s'" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">edición</a> de 1773). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Ver ERRORES ADOPTADOS. D’Holbach se inspira en Denis Diderot: “…<b>sans vertus</b>, sans lumières, et qui pis est <b>sans talents</b> […] <b>sans ressources et sans talents</b>…”, en “Paradoxe sur le comédien” (1770) [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=2SMtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA326&dq=sans+talent,+sans+ressources,+sans+vertus+diderot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JraoUovgM4vK0AWUhIHQBQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=sans%20talent%2C%20sans%20ressources%2C%20sans%20vertus%20diderot&f=false" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. El texto de Diderot ‘cierra’ mejor con el de Moreno, pero hay un problema: solo se publica en 1830. El tema es interesante, porque hemos detectado referencias de Moreno a la <i>Correspondance littéraire</i> de Grimm entre 1760 y 1780, textos publicados en 1813. Es un misterio. Tal vez circulaban mucho antes, incluso en el Río de la Plata. [D’HOLBACH] [DIDEROT]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">FRAGUAR CADENAS PARA EL PUEBLO</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…y que igual tiempo emplea en<b> fraguar cadenas</b> <b>para el pueblo</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Si l’erreur & l’ignorance ont <b>forgé les chaînes</b> <b>des peuples</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 64 (122) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; d’Holbach. <i>Systême social ou príncipes naturels de la morale et de la politique</i>, capítulo 12, Tomo 1. Londres: 1773, p. 161 [<a holbach="" href="http://books.google.es/books?id=kQsUAAAAQAAJ&vq=ressources&dq=erreurs+adopt%C3%A9es+d" source="gbs_navlinks_s'" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] (otra <a holbach="" href="http://books.google.es/books?id=oFQUAAAAQAAJ&vq=RESSOURCES&dq=sans+talent,+sans+vertus+d" source="gbs_navlinks_s'" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">edición</a> de 1773). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Ver SIN TALENTOS, SIN RECURSOS, SIN VIRTUDES. Que dos referencias seguidas provengan de la misma obra no sucede a menudo. Puede ser una coincidencia, pero también es posible que Moreno escribiera con el libro de d’Holbach a su lado. En todo caso, tenemos pruebas muy claras de esta lectura. [D’HOLBACH]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_____________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">MI CORAZÓN SE ENAJENA</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…mi <b>corazón</b> se <b>enajena </b>al contemplar la ignominia…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…il faudra qu’il ait le <b>cœur</b> bien <b>aliéné </b>si je ne le ramene pas à elle. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 64 (122) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Jean-Jacques Rousseau. <i>Émile ou de l’éducation</i>, Tomo III, Parte IV. Amsterdam: Jean Néaulme, 1782, p. 222 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=p0oHAAAAQAAJ&dq=coeur+ali%C3%A9n%C3%A9+rousseau&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [ROUSSEAU]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">LA PUREZA DE SUS INTENCIONES</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…el concepto debido á <b>la pureza de sus intenciones</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(1) …il les convaincroit bientôt de <b>la pureté de ses intentions</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(2) …l’homme de bien en est préservé par <b>la pureté de ses intentions</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(3) …qui pourront mettre en doute <b>la pureté de ses intentions</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(4) Pour lors, il n’a plus suffi que le magistrat examinât <b>la pureté de ses intentions</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 64-65 (122-123) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; (1) <i>Histoire Universelle</i>, III.37. Amsterdam y Leipzig: Arkstée y Merkus, 1751, tomo 12, p. 287 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=wqA9AAAAcAAJ&dq=puret%C3%A9+des+intentions+raynal&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; (2) <i>Les Œuvres de Sénèque le philosophe</i>, V.3. Tomo III. Paris: De Bure, 1778, p. 245 [<a hl="es&source=gbs_navlinks_s'" holbach="" href="http://books.google.es/books?id=q_06AAAAcAAJ&dq=puret%C3%A9+de+ses+intentions+d" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; (3) <i>Correspondance littéraire</i>, enero de 1773, reseña de <i>Le Système social</i> [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=C-k9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA411&dq=puret%C3%A9+intentions+grimm&hl=es&sa=X&ei=TMd_UqfBF4fPtAbxtoC4BA&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=puret%C3%A9%20intentions%20grimm&f=false" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; (4) Montesquieu: « Discours au Parlement de Bordeaux » (1725), <i>Œuvres complètes de Montesquieu</i>, Tomo 12. Paris: Didot, 1795, p. 174-75 [<a a9="" a9tius="" c3="" conserv="" helv="" href="http://books.google.es/books?id=JAui_M2yHsYC&dq=l" ordre="" public="" source="gbs_navlinks_s'" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [SÉNECA] [HISTOIRE UNIVERSELLE] [MONTESQUIEU] [DIDEROT] [D’HOLBACH]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">FUNESTA CONVULSIÓN</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…los justos temores de una <b>funesta convulsion</b>…</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…que l’on aura pu faire cesser cette <b>funeste convulsion</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 65 (123) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; <i>Examen et rapprochement des décrets modernes de l'opinion des anciens sur les mẽmes sujest</i> [sic]. Paris, 1791, p. 88 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=znhfv09aNjMC&dq=funeste+convulsion&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Es posible; el lenguaje es parecido. El texto llama la atención sobre la virtual desaparición del poder ejecutivo en Francia. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ME CUBRO DE IGNOMINIA</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Me <b>cubro de ignominia </b>quando recuerdo los dias que precedieron á la llegada del Dr. Passo…</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Son nom passeroit aux siècles à venir <b>couvert d’ignominie</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”,<i> Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 65 (123) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Guillaume-Thomas Raynal. <i>Histoire philosophique et politique des Établissemens et du Commerce des Européens dans des deux Indes</i>, XIX.12. Ginebra: Pellet, 1780, p. 427 [<a href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=5p5AAAAAcAAJ&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] (otra <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=H-DQBREBdRAC&dq=couvert+d" ignominie="" raynal="" source="gbs_navlinks_s'" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">edición</a>, p. 679).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Ver CURBRIRSE DE IGNOMINIA, expresión que aparece en la <i>Representación de los hacendados</i>, y CUBRE DE IGNOMINIA en la página 63 de este mismo número de la <i>Gazeta</i>. [RAYNAL <i>HDI</i>] [DELEYRE]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">AFECTANDO UN TONO</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">… y<b> afectando </b>el Comandante <b>un tono</b> amenazador…</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…<b>en affectant un ton</b> aussi libre que le sien…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 65 (123) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Abbé Prévost. <i>Histoire de la jeunesse du Commandeur de ***, ou Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de Malte</i>. Amsterdam, 1784, p. 278 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=xOjd82WNPFcC&dq=affectant+un+ton+pr%C3%A9vost&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Tiene sentido; sabemos que Moreno lee a Prévost a través de La Harpe: ver ME EMPEÑA A DESCRIBIR. A notar también que el libro es sobre las Memorias de un <i>Commandeur</i>, y que Moreno critica justamente al <i>Comandante </i>de Marina de Montevideo. Menos probable es esta crítica de Rousseau: “…<b>affectant un ton</b> railleur…”, D. J. C. B. <i>Plagiats de M.J.J.R. de Genéve sur l’éducation</i>. La Haya y París, 1766, p. 79 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=d2QHAAAAQAAJ&dq=affectant+un+ton+rousseau&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. Pero no puede descartarse por completo: Moreno leía a los autores y a sus críticos. [PRÉVOST] [ROUSSEAU]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ACTIVAS PROVIDENCIAS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…que clamarán deberse á su energía y<b> activas providencias</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">A pesar de las <b>activas providencias</b> tomadas para preservar á los vasallos…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 65 (123) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Cédula del 24 de junio de 1784, en Don Santos Sánchez. <i>Colección de pragmáticas, cedulas, provisiones, autos acordados y otras providencias generales expedidas por el Consejo Real en el reinado del Señor don Carlos III</i>, tercera edición. Madrid: Viuda e hijo de Marín, 1803, p. 518 [ver]. [SANCHEZ]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">LA MÁS SANA PARTE DEL VECINDARIO</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">...á que asistio <b>la mas sana parte del </b>vecindario...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…n’en imposent point à <b>la saine partie du</b> public.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 66 (124) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Claude-Adrien Helvétius. <i>De l’Esprit</i>, II.10, en <i>Œuvres complètes d’Helvétius</i>, Tomo I. Paris: Servière, 1795, p. 256 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=DlRFAAAAYAAJ&dq=assurer+le+bonheur+%26+la+tranquillit%C3%A9+helv%C3%A9tius&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Ver MÁS SANA PARTE DE ESTE VECINDARIO. [HELVÉTIUS] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_____________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">LÁGRIMAS DE MIS OJOS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>La </b>tercera ocurrencia <b>que arrancó lágrimas de mis ojos </b>fue...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Les <b>larmes qu</b>’<b>elle</b> <b>arrache de nos yeux</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 67 (125) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Denis Diderot. <i>Salon de 1767</i>, en <i>Œuvres de Denis Diderot</i>, edición de Jacques-André Naigeon. Paris: Deterville, An VIII (1798), Tomo 14. (Versión digitalizada de otra <a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=RjMHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA187&dq=arrache+larmes+yeux+diderot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kc2tUpuoKoPT0QXk9IDICA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=arrache%20larmes%20yeux%20diderot&f=false" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">edición</a>). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Moreno conoce esta edición. A notar el pasaje sobre el impacto de la elocuencia, que es justamente lo que busca el Secretario de la Junta en este texto. El tomo 15: <a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>. [DIDEROT] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">LLORARÉ ETERNAMENTE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Lloraré eternamente</b> que un Pueblo de que soy miembro...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…& <b>je pleurerai éternellement</b> l’un ou l’autre…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 67 (125) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; <i>Histoire romaine</i>, II.5. Ámsterdam: Pierre Mortier, Tomo 3, 1730, p. 54 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=rr2Ic0Gul80C&dq=pleurerai+%C3%A9ternellement&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [HISTOIRE ROMAINE]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">_______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ANCIANO RESPETABLE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Un <b>anciano respetable</b> que por su literatura y sus virtudes fue siempre el oraculo de sus conciudadanos…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Si j’en juge par ses lettres, ce <b>respectable vieillard </b>ne sera guère moins affligé que moi.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”,<i> Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 67 (125) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Denis Diderot. <i>Le fils naturel</i>, II.4, en<i>Œuvres de Denis Diderot</i>, edición de Jacques-André Naigeon. Paris: Deterville, An VIII (1798), Tomo 4, p. 36 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=UEAHAAAAQAAJ&dq=respectable+vieillard+diderot&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Se confirma que la edición de Diderot utilizada por Moreno es la de Jacques-André Naigeon. Otro punto de contacto con la “Ilustración radical”. [DIDEROT]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ORÁCULO DE SUS CONCIUDADANOS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Un anciano respetable que por su literatura y sus virtudes fue siempre<b> el oraculo de sus conciudadanos</b>…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…& le rendirent <b>l’oracle de ses citoyens</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 67 (125) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; De Jaucourt: ORATEURS ROMAINS, (Hist. De l’Eloq.), Encyclopédie, Tomo 11, p. 559-574 [<a href="http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Encyclop%C3%A9die/1re_%C3%A9dition/ORATEUR" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Este artículo es una de las grandes fuentes de Moreno para el estudio de la oratoria y elocuencia. Menos probable resulta <i>Œuvres posthumes de Monsieur de ***</i>: “Devenu lui-même <b>l’Oracle de ses Concitoyens</b>…”. Lyon: 1757, p. 291 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=I1oTAAAAQAAJ&dq=oracle+de+ses+concitoyens&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [DE JAUCOURT ENCYCLOPÉDIE]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">CHARLATÁN IMPUDENTE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…por escuchar la grita de <b>un charlatan impudente</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">M. Necker est <b>un charlatan </b>si <b>impudent</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 67 (125) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Sulpice de la Patière. <i>Vie philosophique, politique et littéraire de Rivarol</i>, Tomo 1. Paris: Barba, 1802, p. 35 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=szU6AAAAcAAJ&vq=charlatan&dq=charlatan+impudent+necker&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Parece poco probable, pero sabemos que Moreno se interesa mucho por la figura de Necker. [DE LA PATIÈRE]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">______________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">DEBIL SOPLO</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">…para que sean rotas al <b>debil soplo</b> <b>de </b>los pocos oficiales de Marina…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">En naissant il n’apporta qu’un<b> faible souffle de </b>vie.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“CARTA DE UN COMERCIANTE de Montevideo á un corresponsal de Buenos-Ayres”, <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres </i>No. 5, jueves 5 de julio de 1810, p. 67 (125) [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0027.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Abbé Duvernet. La Vie de Voltaire. Ginebra, 1786, p. 10 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=bkY6AAAAcAAJ&dq=faible+souffle+duvernet&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [DUVERNET]</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-86645603274266998482013-11-25T12:08:00.002+01:002013-11-28T07:50:10.775+01:00SERINGAPATAM<a href="http://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/tipu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/tipu.jpg" width="220" /></a>AM | <a href="https://twitter.com/HDI1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"... on oublie aisément d'être juste" —<i> Guillaume-Thomas Raynal</i></span><br />
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In the 1772 edition of <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i>, Raynal is of two minds as he describes the situation faced by the East India Company in Bengal. On the one hand, he frets about the unchecked power of the Company, which carries the obvious risk of corruption on a large-scale: "...on peut prédire qu'ils finiront par se corrompre". On the other hand, however, his admiration for the English system of equality before the law inspires this remarkable passage about the link between good governance, stable property rights, and the abundance of credit:<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Il n'en est pas ainsi aux yeux des Anglois; leur plan est de lier si bien les mains au Souba, aux Nanabs, aux Rajas de sa jurisdiction, qu'ils ne puissent plus opprimer les peuples qui dépendent d'eux. Calicuta sera toujours un tribunal ouvert aux plaintes de tous les malheureux que la tirannie osera poursuivre. La propriété sera si respectée, que l'or enseveli depuis plusieurs siècles sortira des entrailles de la terre pour remplir sa destination. On encouragera tellement l'agriculture, les manufactures, que les objets d'exportation deviendront tous les jours plus considérables (<a href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=1VgGAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>HDI</i> 1772</a>, iii, pp. 380-381).</span><br />
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Eventually, the outrage caused by the depredations of the Company led the <i>abbé</i> to change his tune in subsequent editions of <i>HDI</i>. Semi-public European trading companies were now seen as embodying the evils of <i>imperia in imperio</i> [<a href="http://histoiredesdeuxindes.blogspot.com.es/2012/02/imperium-in-imperio.html">see</a>]. In the 1780 edition, Diderot was given free rein to call for public riots in London against the East India Company. But let us give some credit to Raynal and to his early vision of developments in India. His timing may not have been perfect, but by the turn of the century, once the problem of <i>imperium in imperio</i> had been solved (i.e, once the Company was placed in a sharply subordinated position), the program he outlined in 1772 was largely in place.<br />
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This is apparent from documents relating to the role played by the Wellesley brothers after the fall of Seringapatam in mid-1799. According to biographer Rory Muir, Arthur Wellesley —named governor of Seringapatam after the city was taken— was quick to restore order, </div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">...quelling the looting and mayhem by the execution of several soldiers and the flogging of others, caught by the provost in the act of committing their crimes [...]. And he continued to take vigorous measures to protect the civilian population from military abuses, publicly warning British officers that they had no more right to strike Indians than they had to strike Englishmen at home, and that if they did so they would be prosecuted. Nor was that an empty threat, for Wellesley had already ensured that an assistant-surgeon was court-martialed when complaints were received of his misconduct, and quashed an attempt by the court to minimise his offence [1].</span></div>
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Three officers of Wellesley's own company were court-martialled in a case of corruption involving military stores in Seringapatam. By Ocober 1799, Lord Mornington (Wellesley's elder brother, Governor-general of India) was proud to inform the Foreign Office that "public and private credit have improved to an astonishing degree, and are still progressively improving" (p. 131) [2]. In a dispatch written in January 1800, he explicitely links the downward path of interest rates to "the increasing confidence of the natives in the solid establishment, good faith, and just laws of the British government, as to raise public credit" (pp. 189-190).<br />
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Thus, 8%-securities trading at a five per cent discount were expected to reach par in the short run. Although Mornington's optimism needs to be taken with a grain of salt, his reports to the Foreign Office in 1799-1800 sound very much like a validation of Raynal's early analysis of English policy in India: "It may be expected that industry, population and manufacture, and all the sources of public and private credit will take a new spring in our possessions in the Peninsula of India, in consequence of our increased security in that quarter" (p. 229).</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[1] Rory Muir. <i>Wellingto</i>n. <i>The Path to Victory, 1769-1814</i>. Yale University Press, 2013, chapter seven [<a href="http://yalebooks.co.uk/display.asp?k=9780300186659">webiste</a>] [<a href="http://lifeofwellington.co.uk/">lifeofwellington.co.uk</a>]. "Wellesley also relished the chance to play lawmaker, preparing a lengthy series of regulations which established the mechanisms by which both Hindu and Muslim courts should operate in Seringapatan. Later, when Abbé Dubois sought the return of Christian women abduced by Tipu and forced against their will into the zenana [harem], Wellesley refused to intervene. He admitted that 'Justice and all our prejudices and passions are on the side of the Christians', but the government had taken Tipu's family under its protection". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[2] <i>The Dispatches, Minutes and Correspondance of the Marquess Wellesley during his Administration in India</i>, Vol. II. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1836 [<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=d_1WAAAAMAAJ&vq=credit&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s">see</a>].</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5903433015175622167.post-23025650187073415662013-11-18T13:51:00.001+01:002013-11-25T13:39:43.607+01:00LAS FUENTES DE MARIANO MORENO<a href="http://www.losandes.com.ar/fotografias/fotosnoticias/2010/6/5/gal-314920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.losandes.com.ar/fotografias/fotosnoticias/2010/6/5/gal-314920.jpg" width="226" /></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"...una exacta noticia de los procedimientos" — <i>Mariano Moreno</i></span><br />
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Por AM | <a href="https://twitter.com/hdi1780">@HDI1780</a><br />
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Continúa el trabajo metódico sobre las fuentes de Mariano Moreno. Prometo, en algún momento en 2014, dar a conocer más información sobre: (a) la interpretación de estos hallazgos; (b) otros documentos inéditos del prócer. Por ahora recopilo con paciencia decenas de 'micro-hallazgos'. Considerados cada uno individualmente, estos hallazgos no van más allá de un ejercicio de erudición. Pero lo interesante está en los <i>patterns</i> que se van perfilando gracias a esta abrumadora cantidad de pruebas.<br />
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Moreno utiliza a Guillaume-Thomas Raynal y a Claude-Adrien Helvétius (entre otros autores) <i>decenas </i>de veces. Esto significa que la hipótesis de Moreno como receptor y promotor de ideas políticas españolas —tan elegantemente defendida por mi amigo Patricio Clucellas— tendrá que ser revisada (*). Lo mismo vale para otras hipótesis, en particular sobre la influencia de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Por otra parte, estoy pensado en una interpretación <i>straussiana </i>de estos fragmentos: los grandes escritores políticos utilizaban un núcleo común de textos, a menudo tomados de autores clásicos de Grecia y Roma.<br />
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Aquí va un pequeño estudio de las fuentes del primer artículo de la <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> del jueves 7 de junio de 1810. Moreno explica la idea de la <i>Gazeta</i>, que deberá dar "una exacta noticia de los procedimientos de la Junta; una continua comunicación pública de las medidas que acuerde". Por eso no sorprende la utilización de <i>De l'esprit</i> (1758). Para los estudiosos de la historia del libro, emerge un <i>pattern </i>interesante: ya he podido individualizar las ediciones de Mably, Condorcet y Helvétius utilizadas por el Secretario de la Junta. En este último caso, se trata de las <i>Œuvres complètes d’Helvétius</i>, publicadas en 1795 en París por Servière [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=DlRFAAAAYAAJ&dq=assurer+le+bonheur+%26+la+tranquillit%C3%A9+helv%C3%A9tius&source=gbs_navlinks_s">ver</a>], con un estudio biográfico de Saint-Lambert.<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">ABANDONADOS CASI ENTERAMENTE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Abandonados </b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">casi</span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> enteramente</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> aquellos negocios…</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…seront <b>entièrement abandonnés</b>…</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i> No. 1, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 1 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0003.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Guillaume-Thomas Raynal. <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i>, 1780, XVII.8, p. 337 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=RWjZHP3EGrAC&dq=enti%C3%A8rement+abandonn%C3%A9s+raynal&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [RAYNAL <i>HDI</i>]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">__________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ZELO Y VIGILANCIA</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">...reposan en el <b>zelo y vigilancia</b> del nuevo Gobierno….</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…l’exemple du <b>zèle & de la vigilance</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, No. 1, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 1 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; D’Holbach. <i>Système de la nature</i>. Londres: 1774, p. 459 [<a holbach="" href="http://books.google.es/books?id=2btbAAAAQAAJ&dq=z%C3%A8le+%26+vigilance+d" source="gbs_navlinks_s'" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. El fragmento proviene del requisitorio de la censura contra el <i>Sistema de la naturaleza</i>, que d’Holbach publica en la edición de 1774. Otra muestra del interés de Moreno por el mundo de los enciclopedistas radicales. [D’HOLBACH].</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">___________</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">LA PUREZA DE SUS INTENCIONES</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…el concepto debido á l<b>a pureza de sus intenciones</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(1) …il les convaincroit bientôt de l<b>a pureté de ses intentions</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(2) …l’homme de bien en est préservé par <b>la pureté de ses intentions</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(3) …qui pourront mettre en doute <b>la pureté de ses intentions</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(4) Pour lors, il n’a plus suffi que le magistrat examinât <b>la pureté de ses intentions</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(a) <i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 1 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, 2, p. 109; (1) <i>Histoire Universelle</i>, III.37, p. 287 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=wqA9AAAAcAAJ&dq=puret%C3%A9+des+intentions+raynal&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; (2) <i>Les Œuvres de Sénèque le philosophe</i>, V.3. Tomo III. Paris: De Bure, 1778, p. 245 [<a hl="es&source=gbs_navlinks_s'" holbach="" href="http://books.google.es/books?id=q_06AAAAcAAJ&dq=puret%C3%A9+de+ses+intentions+d" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; (3) <i>Correspondance littéraire</i>, enero de 1773, reseña de <i>Le Système social </i>[<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=C-k9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA411&dq=puret%C3%A9+intentions+grimm&hl=es&sa=X&ei=TMd_UqfBF4fPtAbxtoC4BA&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=puret%C3%A9%20intentions%20grimm&f=false" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; (4) Montesquieu <i>Discours au Parlement de Bordeaux</i> (1723) [<a href="http://www.google.com.ar/search?num=50&hl=es-419&lr=lang_fr&as_qdr=all&tbs=lr%3Alang_1fr&q=conserver+l%27ordre+public+diderot&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Otro ejemplo de una expresión de Moreno que circulaba ampliamente por el mundo de las letras en el siglo XVIII. Edward Gibbon: “…inferior to <b>the purity of his intentions</b>…”, <i>History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, capítulo 6 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=LvENAAAAQAAJ&dq=purity+of+intentions+gibbon&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Suzanne Necker a Edward Gibbon: “…le succès avoit toujours suivi <b>la pureté des intentions</b>”, 29 de julio de 1776, p. 169 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=Srs-AAAAYAAJ&dq=purity+of+intentions+gibbon&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. Ver también la <i>Correspondance littéraire</i>, que junta muchos textos conocidos por Moreno: “Il s’en étair fait l’apôtre avec une <b>pureté d’intention</b>…” (abril 1789, obituario de d’Holbach) [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=rxuNp9iBwQEC&pg=PA288&dq=puret%C3%A9+intentions+grimm&hl=es&sa=X&ei=TMd_UqfBF4fPtAbxtoC4BA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=puret%C3%A9%20intentions%20grimm&f=false" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [SÉNECA] [HISTOIRE UNIVERSELLE] [MONTESQUIEU] [DIDEROT] [D’HOLBACH]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">___________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">PUBLICA FELICIDAD</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">...las tareas que se consagran á <b>la pública felicidad</b>….</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Un état ne doit avoir qu’un objet ; et cet objet est <b>la félicité publique</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 2 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Guillaume-Thomas Raynal. <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i>, 1780, XIX.2, p. 155 [<a href="http://books.google.nl/books?id=5p5AAAAAcAAJ&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. La expresión es muy común en Raynal, en particular en este tomo de la <i>HDI</i>, bien conocido por Moreno (lo utiliza a menudo en la <i>Representación de los hacendados</i>). Ver también LA FELICIDAD PUBLICA. [RAYNAL <i>HDI</i>]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">___________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MALES IRREPARABLES</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…que envuelva toda la comunidad en <b>males irreparables</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Le peuple, trop souvent incapable de raisonner, cause, en un clin d’œil, des <b>maux irréparables</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 2 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; D’Holbach. <i>Politique naturelle, ou discours sur les vrais príncipes du gouvernement</i>. II.11. Londres: 1773, Tomo I, p. 62 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=7OrK4_97Wi8C&vq=maux+irr%C3%A9parables&dq=soumettre+sans+murmure+politique+naturelle&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Moreno cita de este mismo libro en UNA DESENFRENADA LICENCIA, en su gran artículo del 6 de noviembre de 1810. [D’HOLBACH]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CAOS IMPENETRABLE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…en <b>un caos impenetrable </b>á todos…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…qui faisoient de la science du gouvernement <b>un chaos impénétrable</b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 2 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0003.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]; Condorcet: reseña de <i>La politique naturelle</i> del barón d’Holbach, <i>Bibliothèque de l’homme public</i>, Tomo V. Paris: Buisson, 1790, p. 63 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=Jwk2AAAAMAAJ&dq=chaos+imp%C3%A9n%C3%A9trable+condorcet&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Uno de los autores preferidos de Moreno (Condorcet) analiza la obra de otro de sus autores preferidos (d’Holbach), justamente utilizado en la entrada anterior (MALES IRREPARABLES. [CONDORCET] [D’HOLBACH]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">___________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">DESTERRARÁ TODA SOSPECHA</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…y su franqueza <b>desterrará </b>toda<b> sospecha</b>…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Il faut <b>bannir </b>les<b> soupçons</b> & les conjectures qui souvent nous irritent & nous trompent.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 2 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, 2, p. 110; <i>Les Œuvres de Sénèque le philosophe</i>, II.24. Tomo IV. Paris: De Bure, 1778, p. 205 [<a holbach="" href="http://books.google.es/books?id=vv06AAAAcAAJ&dq=bannir+soup%C3%A7on+d" source="gbs_navlinks_s'" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Nota. Otra vez el libro de Séneca citado, ahora el tomo IV. Ver MIL CIRCUNSTANCIAS. [SÉNECA] [DIDEROT] [D’HOLBACH]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">___________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FRANCA COMUNICACIÓN</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…y una <b>franca comunicación </b>de los motivos…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…d’une <b>communication </b>si <b>franche </b>& généreuse…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 18 10, p. 3 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0003.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, 2, p. 110; Guillaume-Thomas Raynal. <i>Histoire du Stadhoudérat</i>, Tomo II, 1750, p. 114.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Moreno conoce <i>todas</i> las obras de Raynal. [RAYNAL <i>STATHOUDÉRAT</i>]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">___________</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CHOQUE DE LAS OPINIONES</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">...nunca es mayor que quando el <b>choque de las opiniones</b> pudiera envolver en tinieblas aquellos principios...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ce fut la superstition, qui la fit naître du <b>choc des opinions</b> religieuses.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 3 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0003.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, 2, p. 110; Guillaume-Thomas Raynal. <i>Histoire des deux Indes</i>, 1780, XVII.1, p. 197 [<a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vejUEYHN_pcC&vq=choc+des&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Hay otra posibilidad: “Le Rédacteur se contente de faire sentir et toucher<b> le choc des opinions</b>, d’où jaillit la lumière et la vérité.”,<i> Le Journal des Etats généraux</i>, prospectus, diciembre de 1789, citado por Cyril Lemieux: “La Révolution française et l’excellence journalistique au sens civique : Note de recherche”, <i>Politix</i>, 1992, Vol. 5, No. 19, pp. 33. Lo interesante de esta opción es que se ajusta al contexto del periodismo. Ver también la expresión de Volney : “. …il n’aurait pas la publicité capable d’éveiller <b>le choc des opinions </b>et des passions.” Pero parece ser de 1819.<i>Vues nouvelles sur l’enseignement des langues orientales</i>, en <i>Œuvres </i>de C.F. Volney, Tomo 8 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=drIrAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA504&lpg=RA1-PA504&dq=choc+des+opinions+et+des+passions+volney&source=bl&ots=6bOb3BzXiL&sig=aJVgVPj9d4BCG67aXokY_Nx3GUU&hl=es&ei=HU5tTIe5H8KU4gbO9KTeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AE" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>]. [RAYNAL <i>HDI</i>]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ENVOLVER EN TINIEBLAS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">...nunca es mayor que quando el choque de las opiniones pudiera <b>envolver en tinieblas</b> aquellos principios...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…que le reste des humains soit <b>enveloppé des ténebres</b> du prejugé…</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 3 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, 2, p. 110; Claude-Adrien Helvétius. <i>De l’Esprit</i>, II.23, en <i>Œuvres complètes d’Helvétius</i>, I. Paris: Servière, 1795, p. 382 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=DlRFAAAAYAAJ&dq=assurer+le+bonheur+%26+la+tranquillit%C3%A9+helv%C3%A9tius&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Hay otra variante en el artículo <a href="http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lhgPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA223&lpg=PA223&dq=envelopper+t%C3%A9n%C3%A8bres+diderot&source=bl&ots=yAvQe5H0sn&sig=Fo2kpAHudKcPHFIBsV89LR1FHUI&hl=es-419&ei=IIY_TejqAoL58AaD6qSnBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=t%C3%A9n%C3%A8bres&f=false" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ACADÉMICIENS</a>: “…en un mot, que tout est <b>enveloppé de ténebres</b>…”, <i>Encyclopédie</i>, Tomo 1, p. 223. [HELVÉTIUS] [ENCYCLOPÉDIE]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">LOS GRANDES TALENTOS</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">...que <b>los grandes talentos</b> pueden únicamente reducir á su primitiva claridad...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…n’ont pu faire preuve de <b>grands talens</b>… ont déjà fait éclater de <b>grands talens</b>… <b>Les grands talens</b> sont toujours suspects aux gouvernements injustes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 3 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] y Escritos, 2, p. 110; Claude-Adrien Helvétius. <i>De l’Esprit</i>, II.10 y II.20, en <i>Œuvres complètes d’Helvétius</i>, I. Paris: Servière, 1795, pp. 255 y 258 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=DlRFAAAAYAAJ&dq=assurer+le+bonheur+%26+la+tranquillit%C3%A9+helv%C3%A9tius&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Se trata de una expresión muy común en Helvétius; en <i>De l’esprit </i>aparece en 22 oportunidades. También la econtramos en la <i>Historia de las dos Indias</i>, libro que toma muchas expresiones de Helvétius. [HELVÉTIUS] </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">_____________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">EN SUS LUCES Y EN SU ZELO</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">...la confianza que ponen en <b>sus luces y en su zelo</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…respectables par <b>leur zèle et leurs lumières</b>…</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 3 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, 2, p. 110; Condorcet : « Discours de réception à l’Académie Française », <i>Œuvres complètes de Condorcet</i>, Tomo 10. Paris: Henrichs, 1804, p. 113 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=4LktAAAAMAAJ&dq=s%C3%A9duire+le+peuple+condorcet&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><br /></i><i>Nota</i>. No es la primera cita de este tomo de Condorcet; ver LA SEDUCCIÓN DE UN PUEBLO. [CONDORCET] </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">DEMONSTRACIÓN SINCERA</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">El pueblo recibirá esta medida como una <b>demostracion sincera</b> del aprecio que hace la Junta de su confianza....</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Je suppose cette <b>démonstration sincere</b>…</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 3 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, 2, p. 110; Jean-Jacques Rousseau. <i>Émile</i>, I, p. 30 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=sg0wAAAAYAAJ&dq=d%C3%A9monstration+sinc%C3%A8re+%C3%A9mile+rousseau&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. No es la primera cita de esta obra de Rousseau; ver PERNICIOSAS IDEAS, TRANQUILA POSESIÓN, MIL MALES, LA SEDUCCIÓN DE UN PUEBLO. [ROUSSEAU] </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">_____________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ASEGURAR LA FELICIDAD</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…el deseo de <b>asegurar la felicidad </b>de estas Provincias.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">…qui peut <b>assurer le bonheur </b>& la tranquillité des peuples...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres</i>, 7 de junio de 1810, p. 3 [<a href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/08792736347075966205302/030252_0002.pdf" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>] y <i>Escritos</i>, 2, p. 110; Saint-Lambert : « Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages d’Helvétius », en <i>Œuvres complètes d’Helvétius</i>, I. Paris: Servière, 1795, p. 93 y p. 102 [<a href="http://books.google.es/books?id=DlRFAAAAYAAJ&dq=assurer+le+bonheur+%26+la+tranquillit%C3%A9+helv%C3%A9tius&source=gbs_navlinks_s" style="color: #777777; text-decoration: none;">ver</a>].</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Nota</i>. Esta referencia es particularmente interesante, porque nos proporciona una pista sólida sobre la edición de Helvétius leída por Moreno. Ya habíamos encontrado esta edición en SOFOCAR EN LOS HOMBRES. [HELVÉTIUS] [SAINT-LAMBERT] </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">(*) Patricio José Clucellas. 1810. <i>Revolución de dos dos mundos. La presencia de España en el Mayo rioplatense</i>. Buenos Aires: Torre de Hércules, 2012.</span></div>
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