THE AJAX DILEMMA

AM | @HDI1780

"...une jurisprudence favorable aux débiteurs" — Raynal

Chapter 54 of Book XIII of Histoire des deux Indes (1780) contains one of the most important explanations of what I call the "institutional theory of credit markets" [see]. Raynal singles out the lack of credit as the key shortcoming of French colonial administration. (The idea, already present in the 1770 edition, had a tremendous impact on Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations). According to Raynal, grave deficiencies in the judiciary —he refers to justice asiatique, a clin d'oeil in the direction of François Bernier [see]— are to blame for the chronic scarcity of credit in the colonies.

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In the 1780 edition, Denis Diderot adds a passage from his Observations sur le Nakaz:

Mais la prospérité publique peut-elle augmenter, lorsqu’on foule aux pieds la justice; lorsque le ministère encourage la mauvaise foi en lui offrant un asyle sous la protection de la loi, car si la loi ne poursuit pas elle protège; [...] lorsque des emprunts, sans aucune sorte de garantie, seront devenus impossibles ou ruineux; lorsque le brigandage de l’usure s’exercera sans aucun frein qui le retienne; lorsqu’il n’y aura plus de crédit, ni au-dehors ni au-dedans de l’état...? (HDI 1780, xiii.54).

This is a version of one of the many dilemmas found in Sophocles' tragedy Ajax [1]. A powerful ruler will always be in a position to twist judicial decisions in his favor. (Agamemnon wants lo leave the body of Ajax unburied). But such behavior, in the end, is bound to have catastrophic consequences for ... the ruler himself. Now, my ancient Greek is (almost) non-existant. But I have little doubt that Diderot derived this idea from Odysseus' reply to Agamemnon, towards the end of Ajax:

Ἄκουέ νυν. Τὸν ἄνδρα τόνδε πρὸς θεῶν μὴ τλῇς ἄθαπτον ὧδ᾽ ἀναλγήτως βαλεῖν·μηδ᾽ ἡ βία σε ηδαμῶς νικησάτω τοσόνδε μισεῖν ὥστε τὴν δίκην πατεῖν. Écoutez-moi donc. Gardez-vous, au nom des Dieux, d'oser inhumainement priver cet homme des honneurs du tombeau. Ne vous laissez pas subjuguer par le sentiment de votre pouvoir ; qu'il n'aigrisse pas votre haine, jusqu'à vous faire fouler aux pieds la justice [2].

"Fouler aux pieds la justice"! Diderot is inserting one of Sophocles' dilemmas into a passage of Histoire des deux Indes on credit markets. There is, of course, much to be said about Diderot and his Greek and Roman sources — and even about his Biblical sources [see]. Maybe I'll venture in that direction some day. But let me finish this post with the following thought: Who ever said that Histoire des deux Indes was a mediocre book? Can't we see what's going on here? This is the work of a sublime genius!

Bravo Diderot! Bravo Raynal! Encore ! Encore !

[1] See Paul Woodruff. The Ajax Dilemma. Justice, Fairness and Rewards. Oxford University Press, 2011.

[2] M. de Rochefort. Théâtre de Sophocle. Paris: Nyon, 1788, p. 174. I have yet to find a French edition of Sophocles from the 1770s with Ulysses' words translated as fouler aux pieds la justice. This is my only doubt here. Diderot used this expression on many occasions. In this 1777 edition by M. Dupuis, Odysseus' reply is translated differently: "...n'ayez pas l'inhumanité d'empêcher qu'Ajax ne soit honoré de la sépulture. Que la haine n'aie pas assez d'empire sur vous, pour faire servir votre pouvoir à fouler les lois de l'équité" (p. 243). 

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